The document discusses various non-destructive testing methods used to inspect welds, including visual testing, penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing. Visual testing involves using tools to examine weld features and detect discontinuities. Penetrant testing uses dye or fluorescent materials to reveal surface-breaking flaws. Magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing can detect internal flaws in ferrous and non-ferrous metals, while radiographic testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to examine weld interiors and create permanent records of weld quality. Proper calibration and interpretation by trained technicians is important for all non-destructive testing methods.
Introduction to NDT and Visual Inspection Hareesh K
This presentation will gives you basic idea about Non destructive testing and brief detail about Visual Inspection Technique.This topic is included in UG level Mechanical Engineering Syllabus by all top Indian Universities
Welding process
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Weld Quality
Weld ability
Design Considerations in Welding
The Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) plays an important role during any welded construction activities ensuring the required specifications and standards are followed. Due to the numerous materials and processes associated with metal joining (welding) THIS PRESENTATION SHALL SHOW ONLY THE BASIC WELDING PROCESSES AND EXAMINATION METHODS (NDE). National and International Codes and Specifications along with measuring devices are the Inspector’s tools. Hopefully the following presentation shall give an insight into basic welding inspection.
Introduction to NDT and Visual Inspection Hareesh K
This presentation will gives you basic idea about Non destructive testing and brief detail about Visual Inspection Technique.This topic is included in UG level Mechanical Engineering Syllabus by all top Indian Universities
Welding process
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Weld Quality
Weld ability
Design Considerations in Welding
The Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) plays an important role during any welded construction activities ensuring the required specifications and standards are followed. Due to the numerous materials and processes associated with metal joining (welding) THIS PRESENTATION SHALL SHOW ONLY THE BASIC WELDING PROCESSES AND EXAMINATION METHODS (NDE). National and International Codes and Specifications along with measuring devices are the Inspector’s tools. Hopefully the following presentation shall give an insight into basic welding inspection.
One of the welding processes that used in Engineering field is the metal inert gas welding. There are several types of welding processes similar to this, but MIG welding has its unique features.
Thanks for the colleagues who give this slides to publish.
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
One of the welding processes that used in Engineering field is the TIG welding. There are several types of welding processes similar to this, but tig welding has its unique features.
Thanks for the colleagues who give this slides to publish.
this ppt pdf beneficial for 1st year engineering student who studying workshop technology. in this pdf types of joining, gas welding, arc welding, spot welding, tig welding, mig welding, soldering brazing and different welding defect has been discussed.
One of the welding processes that used in Engineering field is the metal inert gas welding. There are several types of welding processes similar to this, but MIG welding has its unique features.
Thanks for the colleagues who give this slides to publish.
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
One of the welding processes that used in Engineering field is the TIG welding. There are several types of welding processes similar to this, but tig welding has its unique features.
Thanks for the colleagues who give this slides to publish.
this ppt pdf beneficial for 1st year engineering student who studying workshop technology. in this pdf types of joining, gas welding, arc welding, spot welding, tig welding, mig welding, soldering brazing and different welding defect has been discussed.
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL FOR FINDING DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS,POROSITY,FLAWS,BLOWHOLES IN MATERIALS WITHOUT DESTRUCTING COMPONENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR TAKING DECISIONS RELATED TO QUALITY OF MATERIAL OR PRODUCT. Non destructive testing includes study and testing of components by various methods such as dye penetration test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, ndt, radiography test, ultrasonic test.
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system.
Lean construction is the continuous process of eliminating waste, meeting or exceeding all customer requirements, focusing on the entire value stream and pursuing perfection in the execution of a constructed project.
This presentation is intended to provide an introduction to the NDT method of penetrant testing. Penetrant Testing (PT) is a non destructive testing method that builds on the principle of Visual Inspection.
4 suggestions to help you understand whether your organization is focused on continuous improvement or suffering from continuous pain because of a lack of a process for generating progress and improvement
Daily Production Management - 5 Tips to Maintain Stability & Exclusion of Abn...Antonius Pompi Bramono
5 tips to maintain stability & exclusion of abnormality in your daily production management by implementing 5S, Visual Control, Observing & Enforcement of Standard, Failsafe Devices and Abnormality Control.
Management Review is always conducted in the organization who has received ISO 9001 certification. But the problems are, Management Review is not adding value.
This presentation helps you to understand the problems may occurred in the Management Review and finally to get add values from this Review.
Fundamentals of Quality Control describes basic thinking of QC from good thinking creates good works and produce good products.
Good thinking comes from:
1. Management Consciousness
2. Scientific Thinking
3. Statistical Thinking
4. Assuring Own Process
5. Participation of All
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. • Quality control is used throughout the welding industry to
monitor the quality of the items produced.
• All manufactured items are made to specifications.
• Inspections must be made during and after the
manufacturing cycle to ensure that parts meet the
requirements of the specifications.
Introduction
3. Welders need to ensure that all aspects of the operation are
performed correctly. At a minimum, welders should check the
following areas:
• Base material is as specified.
• Joint design is as specified and within required tolerances.
• Filler metal type and size are correct.
• Required welding equipment is available and operating
satisfactorily.
• Tooling has been adequately tested to determine that it will
properly support the operation.
Inspection Areas
4. • Parts have been properly cleaned.
• Welder training or certification is sufficient for the weld
operation.
• Proper welding procedure is used and the welding
equipment is set up properly for the operation.
• Inspections and tests required during the welding operation
are performed as specified.
Inspection Areas – cont’d
6. •Non destructive examination (NDE) is
inspections and tests of a weld that do not
destroy any portion of the completed weld.
Non Destructive Examination (NDE)
7. • A visual test (VT) is one of the most important methods of
inspection and is widely used for acceptance of welds. VT is
also used to identify bad welds before other more expensive
or time-consuming forms of inspection are performed.
• Visual inspection is easy to apply, quick, and relatively
inexpensive. Visual testing equipment includes rulers, fillet
weld gauges, squares, magnifying glasses, and reference
weld samples. Some of the various tools used in weld
inspection are shown in figure 1, 2 and 3.
1. Visual Test (VT)
8. Visual Test Tools
Figure 1. An inspection kit may include any of
the tools shown here. These tools are used to
inspect a variety of dimensions, including
material thickness, bevel angle, crown height,
undercut, mismatch, fillet weld leg length, and
throat thickness.
Figure 2. Fillet weld size and crown gauge.
9. Visual Test Tools
Figure 3. This adjustable fillet and crown gauge is being
used to check the height of the weld bead.
10. Visual Test Tools
• Optical Comparator. Magnifies, illuminates, and precisely measures
weld discontinuities.
• Magnification lenses. Pocket-sized magnification lenses.
• Extension mirrors. Used for root pass inspection of pipe welds.
• Fillet weld gauge. Measures the size of fillet welds.
• V-WAC gauge. Used for measuring height and depth. The gauge checks
undercut depth, porosity comparison, amount of porosity per linear inch
and crown height.
• Automatic weld size gauge. Measures several aspects of a weld,
including the height.
• Bridge cam gauge. Used for measuring several aspects of welds, such as
depth of undercut, depth of pitting, and fillet weld throat size and leg
length.
11. • Visual tests provide very important information about a weld’s general
conformity to specifications.
• The following weld features are measured and compared to specifications to
ensure that the weld meets expectations:
- crown height
- crown profile
- weld size
- weld length
- dimensional variation
- root side profile
- root side penetration
- surface color (titanium welds)
Visual Test (VT)
12. • In addition, a visual test may reveal discontinuities in the weld. A discontinuity is
any disruption in the consistency of a weld. A flaw in the weld is a discontinuity
that is small enough that it does not render the weld unacceptable. A defect is a
discontinuity that is serious enough to make the weld unacceptable.
• The following common problems can be detected by visual tests:
- Undercut
- Overlap
- Surface cracks
- Crater cracks
- Surface porosity
- Joint mismatch
- Warpage
Visual Test (VT)
13. • A penetrant test (PT) is a sensitive method of detecting and locating minute
discontinuities that are open to the surface of the weld.
• A penetrating liquid (dye) is applied over the surface of the weld. The fluid then
enters the discontinuity. After a short period of time, the excess penetrant is
removed from the surface.
• A developer is applied to the surface and allowed to dry. The penetrant in the
discontinuity rises to the surface by capillary action, making the discontinuity
easy to see.
• The penetrant test sequence is shown in Figure 4.
2. Penetrant Test (PT)
14. Penetrant Test (PT)
Figure 4. Dye penetrant test sequence.
A—The penetrant is applied to the weldment.
B—The penetrant is cleaned off the weldment.
C—The developer is applied to the weldment.
D—The weldment is inspected for discontinuities that
appeared after the developer was applied.
A penetrant test is particularly useful on
nonmagnetic materials, where a magnetic particle test
cannot be used. Penetrant tests are used extensively
for exposing surface defects in welds on aluminum,
titanium, magnesium, and austenitic stainless steel
weldments.
15. Penetrant Test (PT)
The two types of penetrant tests are:
1. Dye penetrant
A dye penetrant test requires the surface of the weld to be sprayed
generously with penetrant and allowed to soak for a specified time.
Excessive penetrant is then removed with an aerosol cleaner. All of
the penetrant is then wiped from the weld area. After the penetrant
is removed, the developer is applied. The developer is a powdery
white substance that is lightly applied from an aerosol can. Any
imperfections in the weld will hold the dye and bleed through the
white developer, identifying the problem. A dye penetrant test can be
done anywhere because it is portable, and it can be done in any
position. The results can be detected in normal light, without the use
of special equipment.
16. Penetrant Test (PT)
2. Fluorescent penetrant
A fluorescent penetrant test requires an ultraviolet light (black light)
to observe the test results. It may be necessary to enclose the viewing
area in order to properly read the test results.
17. 3. Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
• A magnetic particle test (MT) is a nondestructive method of detecting cracks, seams,
inclusions, segregations, porosity, or lack of fusion in magnetic materials. This test can
detect surface defects that are too fine to be seen with the naked eye or that lie slightly
below the surface.
• When a magnetic field is established in a ferromagnetic material, minute poles are set up
at any defects. These poles have a stronger attraction for magnetic particles than the
surrounding material has.
• In a magnetic particle test, the ferromagnetic material is magnetized by an electric
current, and iron particles or powder is applied to the magnetized area. If the magnetic
field is interrupted by a defect, the iron particles form a pattern on the surface. The
pattern is the approximate size of the defect. Figure 5. shows how magnetic particle tests
are performed.
• Small, portable, permanent magnets can be used for thin-gauge materials. Heavier
material requires power from transformers, generators, or rectifiers. A typical magnetic
particle unit is shown in Figure 6.
18. Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
Figure 5. Magnetic particle tests. One pole of
the yoke is placed on each side of the weld.
Figure 6. Magnetic particle units are very useful
on small weldments and require only 110 volts
for operation.
19. Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
• The magnetic particle test can be performed using either the wet or the dry
method, depending on the individual application.
• The wet method, in which the particles are suspended in a fluid, is generally
more sensitive than the dry method. Wet magnetic particle inspection allows
for a more even distribution of particles over a large area and is better for
detecting very small discontinuities on a smooth surface.
• The dry method, which uses finely divided dry particles that are dusted onto a
magnetized surface, is better for rough surfaces.
• Either red or gray particles can be used in the test. The color selected should
provide good contrast with the material being tested.
20. Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
• The test can be modified by adding fluorescent dye to the particles. In this
method, an ultraviolet light is used to illuminate fluorescent dye on the iron
particles, allowing the inspector to clearly see and interpret the formation of
the particles at the defect. As with fluorescent penetrant testing, it may be
necessary to examine the weldment in a darkened area.
• Accurate interpretation of magnetic particle tests requires training.
Discontinuities revealed by the test pattern can be misleading to the
untrained eye and may have no consequence on the weld’s acceptability.
• If the size of the discontinuity falls within allowable limits, the weld is still
acceptable. If the size of the discontinuity is larger than the allowable limit, the
weld is rejectable.
21. 4. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
• Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a nondestructive method of detecting the presence of
internal cracks, inclusions, segregations, porosity, lack of fusion, and similar
discontinuities in all types of metals. It can be used as the sole type of
inspection, or it can be used with other types of testing.
• UT is often used in conjunction with radiographic testing because it
determines the depth of the defect from the test surface.
• In ultrasonic testing, very-high-frequency sound waves are transmitted
through the part to be tested. The sound waves then return to the sender and
are displayed as a graph on a monitoring screen for interpretation.
• Since very-high-frequency sound waves travel only short distances in air, the
test must be done with the part (signal sender) and the transducer (receiver)
immersed in water or with the transducer coupled to the workpiece by a thin
liquid film. These two methods are shown in Figure 7.
22. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
Figure 7. Ultrasonic tests are made with the part and the
transducer submerged in water. If this is not practical, the
transducer is coupled (connected) to the test area by a
thin layer of liquid.
23. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
• UT inspection techniques used depends on the material, weld thickness,
welding process, and inspection criteria being used.
• Where tests are required out-of-perpendicular with the transducer, a wedge or
angle block is placed under the transducer at the desired angle to properly
scan the material, as shown in Figure 8.
• Ultrasonic testing is portable and nonhazardous. In addition, UT inspection has
the following advantages:
Great penetration power allows the testing of thick materials.
High sensitivity allows detection of small discontinuities in a short period of
time.
Inspection can be done from one surface.
24. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
• The major disadvantage of ultrasonic testing is the advanced skill required to
properly interpret the results. Weld design, location of the defect, internal
structure, and complexity of the weldment affect the interpretation of the
ultrasonic signal.
• In order to achieve the desired results, calibration blocks and reference weld
samples are used to calibrate the equipment prior to making the test. With the
proper calibration, the operator can then interpret the results to the
inspection specification.
25. Ultrasonic Test (UT)
Figure 8. Wedges or angle blocks are used to send
and receive ultrasonic signals in areas where signal
transmission could be blocked in a straight-line plane.
26. 5. Radiographic Test (RT)
• A radiographic test (RT) is a nondestructive method that reveals the presence and
nature of discontinuities in the interior of welds.
• This test makes use of the ability of short wavelength radiations to penetrate
material, such as:
1. X-rays
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that penetrates most materials.
An X-ray test is similar to a photograph. A machine in a fixed location transmits
X-rays through the material being tested. A film or sensor on the other side of
the material is exposed by the X-rays that pass through the test material.
Any defects or inconsistencies in the metal change the amount of X-rays that
are able to pass through. Because more or fewer X-rays pass through those
locations, they look different in the developed film, or display.
27. Radiographic Test (RT)
2. Gamma rays
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that are similar to X-rays, but
with a shorter wavelength. Gamma rays are produced from
radioactive materials such as cobalt, cesium, iridium, and radium.
These radioactive materials must be contained in a lead-shielded box
and transported to the job site for in-place radiographs.
28. Radiographic Test (RT)
• The film that is exposed by x rays and gamma rays is called a radiograph. Film
is placed on one side of the weld, and the radiation source is placed on the
other side of the weld. The radiation passes through the test material and
exposes the film, revealing any inconsistencies in the weld. Different types of
radiation sources are more or less powerful. The thickness of the material
usually determines the type of radiation source used for the test.
• A radiograph inspection of a fusion weld is shown in Figure 9. The film is
developed for viewing on a special viewer. The radiograph must be compared
by a skilled technician to a specification that defines discontinuities. The film
must have sharp contrast for proper definition of the weld and identification
of any defects. (Contrast is the degree of blackness of the darker areas
compared with the degree of lightness of the brighter areas.)
30. Radiographic Test (RT)
• To ensure sharp images on the film, image quality indicators (IQI), also called
penetrameters, are used to indicate the quality of the radiograph.
• There are 2 types of penetrameters as follow:
1. A hole-type IQI.
A hole-type IQI consists of a thin shim of the base metal, usually with a
thickness equal to 2% of the weld thickness. One, two, or more holes with
various diameters are drilled into the metal shim. The shim is laid next to
the weld before being x-rayed. The ability of the radiograph to show
definite-sized holes in the penetrameter establishes the radiograph quality.
The resolution of the X-ray is indicated by the smallest hole
that is visible. Figure 10 shows a hole-type IQI.
31. Radiographic Test (RT)
The resolution of the X-ray is indicated by the smallest hole that is visible.
Figure 10 shows a hole-type IQI.
Figure 10. Radiograph used a hole-type IQI. The holes in the IQI
represent sharp boundaries, and a small thickness change. The IQI
is used to indicate the quality of the radiographic technique and
not intended to be used as a measure of the size of a cavity that
can be located on the graph.
32. Radiographic Test (RT)
2. Wire type IQI
A wire IQI is a series of wires embedded in plastic. The wires have
decreasing diameters. The quality of the radiograph is determined by the
thinnest diameter wire that can be seen on the image. Figure 11 shows a
wire-type IQI.
Figure 11. This radiograph used a wire-type IQI to monitor
clarity in the development process.
33. Radiographic Test (RT)
• Radiographs are expensive; however, they provide a permanent record
of the weld quality. It is often useful to compare a radiograph created
when the weld was first made with later radiographs made after the
weldment has been in service. This comparison can help engineers
identify areas of the weldment that are stressed by service.
34.
35.
36. Feel free to contact:
Antonius P. Bramono
E: pbramono@gmail.com