This document provides an overview of VLSI technology trends over time. It discusses how Moore's Law has been sustained through transistor scaling down to the nanometer level enabled by various techniques like strained silicon, high-k dielectrics, metal gates, SOI, multi-gate transistors like FinFETs. It outlines the evolution from bipolar junction transistors to MOSFETs to integrated circuits. Short channel effects posed challenges to scaling which were addressed through new device architectures in the second generation of scaling.
An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions.
Reduced channel length cause departures from long channel behaviour as two-dimensional potential distribution and high electric fields give birth to Short channel effects.
An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions.
Reduced channel length cause departures from long channel behaviour as two-dimensional potential distribution and high electric fields give birth to Short channel effects.
The CMOS VLSI DESIGN PPT had the complete vision on VLSI Design styles in chip fabrication. It can give a good amount of knowledge to the students who needs VLSI Design
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
A brief introduction to the history of semiconductor technology and industry. Also discussed it the limitation of scaling, which drives the technology for the last 5 decades. The evolution of nanowire transistors, 3D memory, and advanced packaging. Also discussed the evolution of industry, fab construction, factory automation and wafer fab economy,
The CMOS VLSI DESIGN PPT had the complete vision on VLSI Design styles in chip fabrication. It can give a good amount of knowledge to the students who needs VLSI Design
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
A brief introduction to the history of semiconductor technology and industry. Also discussed it the limitation of scaling, which drives the technology for the last 5 decades. The evolution of nanowire transistors, 3D memory, and advanced packaging. Also discussed the evolution of industry, fab construction, factory automation and wafer fab economy,
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
Science and Life DU Foundation Course PowerPoint Presentation-Integrated Circ...Parth Nagpal
Science and Life DU Foundation Course PowerPoint Presentation made on the topic, "Integrated Circuit(IC),Light Emitting Diode(LED) and their applications "
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Acknowledgement
This presentation has been summarized from various
books, papers, websites and presentations on VLSI
Design and its various topics all over the world. I
couldn’t remember where these large pull of hints and
work come from. However, I’d like to thank all
professors and scientists who created such a good
work on this emerging field. Without those efforts in
this very emerging technology, these notes and slides
can’t be finished.
NOTE: The figures, text etc included in slides are
borrowed from various books’ websites, authors’
books, websites, pages and other sources for
academic purpose only. The instructor does not claim
any originality.
2
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13. The first Computer ENIAC
using Valve and Relays
• May 1944
• first ever general purpose
electronic computer
• by a team lead by J.P.Eckert and
J.W.Mauchly
• more than 18,000 valves, 100 by
10 by 3 feet, weight 30 tons.
• Faster than anything that had
been built previously;
multiplication in under 3 ms.
• Described as being “Faster than
thought”.
13
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14. The most important invention
in 20th Century
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15. The First Bipolar Transistor
• 1947: Point Contact Bipolar Transistor
• 1948: Junction Bipolar Transistor
• Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley
• -Bell Lab
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16. William Shockley and John Bardeen :
accepting their noble prizes on December 10, 1956
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33. Why Moore’s Law sustained?
(point of view:1)
• Lowest cost
• Maximum Functions
• Smallest size
• highest speed
• Long lasting battery
• More reliable
33
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34. Why Moore’s Law sustained…..?
(point of view:2)
Transistor
Scaling
Better
Performance
Market Growth
Investment
34
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35. Reduction in Size
• Classical Scaling
• Reduction in L, W, TOX, VDD
• Second Age of Scaling (Equivalence Scaling)
• Reduction in L, W, TOX, VDD
• Channel Material
• Strained Silicon (SiGe)
• Stack Material
• High K
• Gate Material
• Metal Gate
• Structure
• Multi Gate
• FDSOI
• PDSOI
• Third Age of Scaling
35
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38. • Constant Voltage
Scaling
• Vdd constant
• More preferable
because of
peripherals
• Power
consumption
increases by …..
• Power density
increases by 3
• Constant Field
Scaling
• Seems ideal but Not a
feasible option
• to keep new chips
compatible with
existing chips, voltages
cannot be scaled
arbitrarily.
• Peripherals require
certain voltage levels at
inputs and outputs
• Multiple supply
voltages
• Complicated Level
shifter arrangement
38
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39. Effects of Scaling
• Short Channel Effects
• Narrow channel Effects
• Subthreshold Conduction
• Punch through
• Hot electrons/hot carriers
• Electromigration
• ESD
• Electric Overstress…..
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40. • In view of number of road blocks in standard
CMOS scaling, new device architectures were
adopted in second generation of scaling.
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41. Strained MOSFET
• Because of constant voltage scaling, the electric field is increased.
Strong vertical fields resulting from large Vgs cause the carriers to
scatter against the surface and also reduce the carrier mobility. This
effect is called mobility degradation
• The links between the silicon atoms become stretched - thereby
leading to strained silicon. Moving these silicon atoms farther apart
reduces the atomic forces that interfere with the movement of
electrons through the transistors and thus better mobility
41
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42. Limitation….
• Gate Oxide thickness can not be scaled down
beyond a limit because
• Processing difficulties in growing thin uniform oxide
layer ( nonuniform oxide growth “pinholes” causes
shorts between gate and substrate)
• Oxide breakdown
• Thickness of SiO₂ layer required in 45nm technology
is about 1.2nm (4 atom layers deep!!)
• Gate oxide is running out of atoms
• Quantum nature of channel electron dominates.
• Tunnelling/leakage current IG
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43. High K Material
• If Gate Oxide thickness can not be reduced, can we
increase the quality of gate oxide to give higher
capacitance at same thickness?
• High K Material for gate oxide to increase the insulator
capacitance while keeping a thicker oxide..
• to avoid tunnelling through the gate oxide
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44. Low K Material
( not in transistors but….)
44
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45. Metal-Polysilicon-Metal
• Earlier : Metal Gate
• Earlier at 5V supply, metal gates were used
• Then: Polysilicon Gate
• At lower voltages and scaling, polysilicon gate used
because of fabrication process ease.
• After initial doping, very high temp. annealing was
required during which metal gates would melt
• Again: Metal Gate
• When SiO2 is replaced with High-K material, it was
found that PolySi and High K Material were not
compatible, So polySi was replaced by metal.
• After 45nm (Intel) and 28nm (TSMC), again back to
metal gates
• To avoid poly-depletion at the poly oxide interface.
• At smaller scales, the need for a higher Vt has become
important again due to problems of leakage.
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46. HKMG MOSFET
• Intel’s announcement, January 26, 2007
• Hafnium-based high-k material
• Effective Oxide Thickness = 1nm
• Specific gate metals ( Intel’s trade secret)
• Different Metals for NMOS and PMOS
• Use of 193nm dry lithography
• From 65 nm to 45 nm Tech.
• Tr density: 2 times increase
• Tr switching power: 30% reduction
• Tr switching speed: 20% improvement
• S-D leakage power: 5 times reduction
• Gate oxide leakage: 10 times reduction
• 45nm processors (Core™2 family processors "Penryn")
running Windows* Vista*, Linux* etc.
46
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47. Silicon-on-Insulator (SoI)
• Lower parasitic capacitance due to
isolation from the bulk silicon,
• Resistance to latch up due to complete
isolation of the n- and p-well structures.
• Higher performance at equivalentVDD
• Reduced temperature dependency due to no doping.
• Better yield due to high density, better wafer utilization.
• Reduced antenna issues
• No body or well taps are needed.
• Lower leakage currents due to isolation thus higher
power efficiency.
• Inherently radiation hardened ( resistant to soft errors ),
thus reducing the need for redundancy. 47
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48. FDSOI
• Fully Depleted
• Very thin layer of
buried oxide
• The region under the
channel is fully
depleted no neutral
region exists.
PDSOI
• Partially Depleted
• Thick layer of Buried
oxide
• Neutral regions
exists under channel
• Floating body effect
48
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49. Industry use of SoI
• IBM : "Istar" PowerPC-AS microprocessor
• AMD : 130 nm, 90 nm, 65 nm, 45 nm and 32 nm
single, dual, quad, six and eight core processor
• FreeScale: PowerPC 7455 CPU
• Intel did not use SoI in general but moved to HKMG
and Trigate with Conventional CMOS
• As for the traditional foundries, on July 2006,
TSMC claimed no customer wanted SOI
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50. Still this is not enough…..
• How should be ideal transistor?
50
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51. How SoI to Double Gate
51
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52. Double Gate to Tri-Gate
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74. 74
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• More Moore:
• continuous scaling,
• Already up to 7 or 5nm
• Beyond CMOS:
• new technologies such as graphene
• nanowires from the area of
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies
• More than Moore:
• additional functionalities such as
micro/nanosystem, RF, analog,
biochips on more conventional logic or
memory circuits
77. Adopt Natural Bio
System….
Just for example, brain of the mosquito make the
real time 3D flight control with image processing
equipped with many sensors such as infrared
and CO2 with extremely small brain volume and
extremely small energy consumption. The
performance of dragonfly’s brain is much higher.
Today’s performance and energy consumption of
the microprocessor are not comparable to those
of insect brains, at all. Introduction of the
algorithm of the bio system will be the ultimate
method in the roadmap.
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