This document provides an overview of the CSE460: VLSI Design course. It discusses the history of transistors and integrated circuits. The transistor was invented in 1947 and acted as an electrically controlled switch. The first integrated circuit was developed in 1959, combining multiple transistors on a single chip. Moore's law, proposed in 1965, observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years. The document outlines different chip types, the chip design and fabrication process, and design methodologies like the top-down and bottom-up approaches.
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
In this presentation of mine, a basic Design approach of VLSI has been explained. The ppt explains the market level of VLSI and also the fabrication process and also its various applications. An integration of various switches, gates, etc on Ic's has also been showcased in the same.
lect1-circuits and layout
VLSI
A Brief History
CMOS Gate Design
Pass Transistors
CMOS Latches & Flip-Flops
Standard Cell Layouts
Stick Diagrams
Bipolar transistors
npn or pnp silicon structure
Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector
Base currents limit integration density
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
In this presentation of mine, a basic Design approach of VLSI has been explained. The ppt explains the market level of VLSI and also the fabrication process and also its various applications. An integration of various switches, gates, etc on Ic's has also been showcased in the same.
lect1-circuits and layout
VLSI
A Brief History
CMOS Gate Design
Pass Transistors
CMOS Latches & Flip-Flops
Standard Cell Layouts
Stick Diagrams
Bipolar transistors
npn or pnp silicon structure
Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector
Base currents limit integration density
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
3. Contents
● Topics of this course
● History
● Transistors
● Moore’s law
● Types of chips
● Design abstraction
● Design methodology
4. What will you learn in this course?
● You may have heard people say that electronics are made from sand, but do
you know how?
5. What will you learn in this course?
● A solid introduction to VLSI
● Different kinds of chips/ICs
● How to build one
● Theoretical background to making a good chip
● Quality measures of a chip
● The complete lifecycle of a chip
6. The Transistor
● Transistor concept
○ Transistors can be viewed as electrically controlled switches with a control terminal and two
other terminals that are connected or disconnected depending on the voltage or current
applied to the control terminal
7. Transistor Invention
● 1947: First transistor was built
○ John Bardeen and Walter Brattain built the first functioning point
contact transistor at Bell Labs
○ Nearly classified as military secret
○ Later publicly introduced by Bell Labs
○ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for Bardeen, Brattain, and their
supervisor William Shockley
○ We have called it the Transistor, T-R-A-N-S-I-S-T-O-R, because it is a
resistor or semiconductor device which can amplify electrical signals
as they are transferred through it from input to output terminals. It is, if
you will, the electrical equivalent of a vacuum tube amplifier. But there
the similarity ceases. It has no vacuum, no filament, no glass tube. It
is composed entirely of cold, solid substances.
8. First IC
● 1959: U.S. Patent 3,138,743 for
"Miniaturized Electronic Circuits"
○ Several years later after the invention of
transistors, Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments realized the potential for
miniaturization if multiple transistors could
be built on one piece of silicon
○ Kilby received the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 2000 for the invention of the
integrated circuit
9. Bipolar Junction Transistor
● Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
○ Developed by Bell Labs
● More reliable, less noisy, and more
power-efficient than the point contact transistor
● BJTs require a small current into the control
(base) terminal to switch much larger currents
between the other two (emitter and collector)
terminals
● Power being dissipated by these base
currents even when idle
10. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
● 1960s: (MOSFETs) began to enter
production
● Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistors or MOSFETs offer
the compelling advantage that they
draw almost zero control current while
idle.
● Two flavors: nMOS and pMOS
● Three terminals: Gate (control), Drain
and Source
11. First MOSFET Gates
● 1963: First logic gate using MOSFETs
○ Frank Wanlass at Fairchild described the first logic gates using MOSFETs
● Fairchild’s gates used both nMOS and pMOS transistors,
earning the name Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,
or CMOS
● The circuits used discrete transistors but consumed six orders
of magnitude less power than their bipolar counterparts
● With the development of the silicon planar process, MOS
integrated circuits became attractive for their low cost because
each transistor occupied less area and the fabrication process
was simpler
Integration Levels
SSI: 1-12 gates
MSI: 13-99 gates
LSI: 100-9999 gates
VLSI: 10-99.9 k gates
ULSI: >100k gates
12. Trend in MOSFET IC Design
● Early commercial processes used only pMOS transistors and
suffered from poor performance, yield, and reliability
● Processes using nMOS transistors became common in the
1970s
● While nMOS process was less expensive than CMOS, nMOS
logic gates still consumed power while idle
● Power consumption became a major issue in the 1980s as
hundreds of thousands of transistors were integrated onto a
single die
● CMOS processes were widely adopted and replaced all the
other technologies (pMOS, nMOS)
14. A Closer Look
Packan P, Akbar S, Armstrong
M, et al. High performance 32nm
logic technology featuring 2nd
generation High-k + metal gate
transistors. In: International
Electron Devices Meeting, IEEE,
2009. 659–662
Cross sectional view of intel’s 32nm CMOS devices
16. Moore’s Law
● 1965:Gordon Moore plotted # transistors on each chip vs year
○ Fit straight line on semi-log scale
○ Transistor counts have doubled about every 2 years
17. Moore’s Law
● Process generations
○ A manufacturing technology at a particular channel length (feature size) is called
a technology node/process node (micron, submicron, nanometer technologies)
20. Types of chips
● Cell-based design
○ In the 1960s, standard parts were logic gates; in the 1970s they were
LSI components. Today, standard parts include fairly specialized
components: communication network interfaces, graphics accelerators
● Full custom
○ Designed manually piece by piece, fully custom layouts
● Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
○ Rather than build a system out of standard parts, designers can now
create a single chip for their particular application
● Systems-on-chips (SoCs)
○ a single-chip computer can include a CPU, bus, I/O devices, and
memory
22. Abstraction levels
● Specification
○ A set of requirements, not a design
● Behavior
○ generally modeled as some sort of executable program
● Register-transfer
○ The system is specified as Boolean functions stored in abstract memory elements
● Logic
○ The system is designed in terms of Boolean logic gates,latches, and flip-flops
● Circuit
○ The system is implemented as transistors
● Layout
○ The final design for fabrication
23. Design methodologies
● Top-down approach
○ Start from the specification and
reach device specification
● Bottom-up approach
○ Start from the device optimization
and go up to meet specification
24. Text
# Title Author(s) Edition
1 CMOS VLSI Design N.H.E. Weste, D. Harris & A.
Banerjee
4th ed.
2 Fundamentals of Digital Logic with
Verilog Design
Stephen Brown & Zvonko
Vranesic
2nd/3rd
ed.
26. Slide References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET
2. https://www.techspot.com/article/1840-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built-part-
3/
3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5424253
4. Wayne Wolf - Modern VLSI Design IP based design
5. Jan M. Rabaey - Digital Integrated Circuits
6. Weste and Harris - CMOS VLSI Design