This document provides an introduction to the VLSI Design course EEL3320. It discusses the evolution of integrated circuits from early computers to modern microprocessors containing billions of transistors. The course will cover CMOS device operation, circuit design, sequential elements, and design methodologies. Students will learn how to design and optimize digital circuits for cost, speed, power, and reliability. The document outlines the course content, textbooks, evaluation criteria, and instructor details.
This PDF tells the basic Concept of ICs (Integrated Circuit) in Embedded System . This pdf also contain some examples including application of ICs in Solar Panel .
VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
SSI – Small Scale Integration (50s and 60s)
1 – 10 transistors
Simple logic gates
MSI – Medium Scale Integration(70s)
10-100 transistors
logic functions, counters, etc
LSI – Large Scale Integration(80s)
100-10,000 transistors
First microprocessors on the chip
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. Powered by this success, physical science raced onward. 114yrs later, in 1974 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 15yrs the first integrated circuit and the discovery of Moores' Law. With each step the sophistication of the control systems grew, and the products based on them ever cheaper and more pervasive ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed. And today as the size of the individual transistors approach the size of the atom itself, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has obvious limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society has accepted as a fundamental law?
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
This PDF tells the basic Concept of ICs (Integrated Circuit) in Embedded System . This pdf also contain some examples including application of ICs in Solar Panel .
VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
SSI – Small Scale Integration (50s and 60s)
1 – 10 transistors
Simple logic gates
MSI – Medium Scale Integration(70s)
10-100 transistors
logic functions, counters, etc
LSI – Large Scale Integration(80s)
100-10,000 transistors
First microprocessors on the chip
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. Powered by this success, physical science raced onward. 114yrs later, in 1974 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 15yrs the first integrated circuit and the discovery of Moores' Law. With each step the sophistication of the control systems grew, and the products based on them ever cheaper and more pervasive ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed. And today as the size of the individual transistors approach the size of the atom itself, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has obvious limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society has accepted as a fundamental law?
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. VLSI Design
(Course Code: EEL3320)
Lectures 1-3:
Introduction : Evolution of Design
Course Instructor:
Shree Prakash Tiwari, Ph.D.
Email: sptiwari@iitj.ac.in
Webpage: http://home.iitj.ac.in/~sptiwari/
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Year 2023
1
Note: The information provided in the slides are taken mainly form two text books of VLSI
Design(Jan M. Rabaey, .. & Neil H. Weste, …), ITRS 2.0, and other resources from internet, for
teaching/academic use only
2. What is this course is about?
• Introduction to CMOS VLSI circuits
– CMOS devices and manufacturing technology
– CMOS inverters and gates
– Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation
– Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and
memories
– Design methodologies
• What will you learn?
– Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits
with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed,
power dissipation, and reliability
3. Books
Text Books:
1. Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Borivoje Nikolic´,
Digital integrated circuits , A design perspective, 2nd Edition,
PHI Learning (2011)
2. Neil H.E. Weste, David Money Harris, CMOS VLSI Design, 4th
Edition, Pearson (2009)
3
4. Evaluation (Tentative)
• Quizzes (4) 20 %
• Midterm Exam 15 %
• Final Written Exam 30 %
• Final Viva 10 %
• Term Paper 15%
• Course Project 10%
4
5. Brief History
The First Computer: Babbage Difference Engine (1832)
•Executed basic operations
(add, sub, mult, div) in arbitrary
sequences
•Operated in two-cycle
sequence, “Store”, and “Mill”
(execute)
•Included features like
pipelining to make it faster.
•Complexity: 25,000 parts.
6. The Electrical Solution
•More cost effective
•Early systems used relays to make simple logic devices
•Still used today in some train safety systems
•The Vacuum Tube
•Originally used for analog processing
•Later, complete digital computers realized
High Point of Tubes: The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer)
•18,000 vacuum tubes
•80 ft long, 8.5 ft high, several feet wide
8. Dawn of the Transistor Age
1951: Shockley develops junction
transistor which can be
manufactured in quantity.
1947: Bardeen and Brattain
create point-contact transistor
w/two PN junctions. Gain = 18
9. Evolution of IC
9
Bardeen, Brattain, and
Shockley (Seated) @ Bell
Laboratories, 1948. The Nobel
prize was given in 1956.
First Point contact
Transistor (1947, Bell
Labs) with Germanium
semiconductor, and
two gold contacts
separated by 50
micron.
First IC, Developed
independently by
J. Kilby (Texas Instruments) and
R. Noyce, J. Hoerni (Fairchild
Semiconductor), 1958.
Co-recipient of
Nobel prize
in physics in 2000
10. 1959: Planar Technology
• Developed at Fairchild
Semiconductor
• Planar Technology (Jean
Hoerni): base region is diffused
into collector (substrate) and
emitter region into the base
• Integrated Wiring (Robert
Noyce): By covering the planar
transistor with an oxide, a layer
of aluminum can be used on top
to wire the device(s)
10
11. 1961: First Commercial Planar IC
• Based on the planar process by
Hoerni and Noyce, Fairchild
developed family of logic chips
called resistors-transistor
logic(RTL)
• Example shown is flip flop with
4 bipolar transistors and five
resistors
11
12. Practice Makes Perfect
1961: TI and Fairchild introduced first
logic IC
(cost ~ $50 in quantity!). This is a dual
flip-flop with 4 transistors.
1963: Densities and yields improve.
This circuit has four flip-flops.
13. 13
The First Integrated Circuits
Bipolar logic
1960’s
ECL 3-input Gate
Motorola 1966
Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed., Rabaey.
14. Practice Makes Perfect
1967: Fairchild markets the first semi-
custom chip. Transistors (organized in
columns) can be easily rewired to
create different circuits. Circuit has
~150 logic gates.
1968: Noyce and Moore leave Fairchild to form Intel.
By 1971 Intel had 500 employees;
By 2004, 80,000 employees in 55 countries and
$34.2B in sales.
15. The Big Bang
1970: Intel starts
selling a 1k bit RAM,
the 1103.
1971: Ted Hoff at Intel designed the
first microprocessor. The 4004 had 4-
bit busses and a clock rate of 108 KHz.
It had 2300 transistors and was built in
a 10 um process.
16. Exponential Growth
1972: 8080 introduced.
Had 3,500 transistors supporting a
byte-wide data path.
1974: Introduction of the 8088.
Had 6,000 transistors in a 6 um
process. The clock rate was 2 MHz.
18. What is a VLSI IC?
VERY LARGE SCALE Integration
A circuit that has 10k ~ 1Bln
transistors on a single chip
•Still growing as number of
transistors on chip
quadruple every 24 months
(Moore’s law!)
Technique where many
circuit components and the
wiring that connects them
are manufactured
simultaneously on a
compact chip (die)
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
19. Today
Many disciplines have contributed to the current state of the art in
VLSI Design:
•Solid State Physics
•Materials Science
•Lithography and fab
•Device modeling
•Circuit design and
layout
•Architecture design
•Algorithms
•CAD tools
To come up with chips like:
20. Pentium 4
– Introduction date: November
20, 2000
• 1.4 GHz clock
• fabricated in 180 nm process,
• 42 mln transistors)
– In 2002 (2 GHz in 130 nm, 55
mln transistors)
– In 2005 (3.8 GHz in 90 nm, 125
mln transistors)
– Typical Use: Desktops and
entry-level workstations
24. International Technology Roadmap for
Semiconductors(ITRS)
• ITRS is a set of reports and documents produced by a group
of semiconductor industry experts.
• These experts are representative of the sponsoring
organisations which include the Semiconductor Industry
Associations of the United States, Europe, Japan, South
Korea and Taiwan.
24
Ref. ITRS 2.0, 2015
25. Summary: ITRS 2.0
• For past 50 years, industry is following
Moore’s law.
• Each new technology node produces faster
transistors
• Initially, nobody worried about power, and the
motto was “performance at any cost”
• Later in the last decade, keeping increase in
number of transistors and operating
frequency became difficult due to power
issues
25
26. Introduction
• Semiconductor Industry was born in 1970s
with three business drivers
– Cost effective memory devices to computer
industry
– Production of Application Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs)
– Cost effective integration of simple building blocks
to make electronic systems
26
27. Moore’s Law
• In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the
number of transistors on a chip doubled every
18 to 24 months.
• He made a prediction that semiconductor
technology will double its effectiveness every
18 months
27
28. The Ever Shrinking Transistor
28
Using 45 nm technology, ≈ 400 transistors fit on a red blood cell!
29. Moore’s law in Microprocessors
4004
8008
8080
8085 8086
286
386
486
Pentium® proc
P6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Transistors
(MT)
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
Courtesy, Intel
30. Die Size Growth
4004
8008
8080
8085
8086
286
386
486 Pentium ® proc
P6
1
10
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Die
size
(mm)
~7% growth per year
~2X growth in 10 years
Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law
Courtesy, Intel
31. Power dissipation warning in 2000
5KW
18KW
1.5KW
500W
4004
8008
8080
8085
8086
286
386
486
Pentium® proc
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008
Year
Power
(Watts)
Did this really happen?
Courtesy, Intel
34. Digital Cellular Market
(Phones Shipped)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435M
Cell
Phones
Not Only Microprocessors
iPod
Video games
Analog
Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
Power
Management
Small
Signal RF
Power
RF
iTablet
37. Challenges in Digital Design
“Microscopic Problems”
• Ultra-high speed design
• Interconnect
• Noise, Crosstalk
• Reliability, Manufacturability
• Power Dissipation
• Clock distribution.
Everything Looks a Little Different
“Macroscopic Issues”
• Time-to-Market
• Millions of Gates
• High-Level Abstractions
• Reuse & IP: Portability
• Predictability
• etc.
…and There’s a Lot of Them!
40. Summary
• VLSI Design will be continuing for next many
years
• Proper understanding and Training for CMOS
and VLSI is required
• Research for new device designs and materials
is necessary
• Exploratory work should also be encouraged
for new technologies
40