This document provides an overview of VLSI technology and its history. It discusses the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors as the basic components in electronics. Transistors were smaller, faster, cheaper and more reliable than vacuum tubes. The development of integrated circuits allowed millions of transistors to be placed on a single chip. This led to advances like large-scale integration and very-large-scale integration. The document also provides background on pioneering companies in electronics like Bell Labs, Texas Instruments, and Intel Corporation.
This is the presentation that was shared by Nilesh Ranpura and Vineeth Mathramkote at CDNLIVE 2015. The session briefs about the implementation challenges and covers the solution approach and how to achieve results
This is the presentation that was shared by Nilesh Ranpura and Vineeth Mathramkote at CDNLIVE 2015. The session briefs about the implementation challenges and covers the solution approach and how to achieve results
Very Large Scale Integration is the technology used now a day everywhere. Diploma as well as degree students can refer this
(For Downloads, send me mail
agarwal.avanish@yahoo.com)
A VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) system integrates millions of “electronic components” in a small area (few mm2 few cm2).
design “efficient” VLSI systems that has:
Circuit Speed ( high )
Power consumption ( low )
Design Area ( low )
RiseTime offers "Job Oriented VLSI Design & Verification Course"
In this course, you will learn both ASIC design and verification concepts. Verilog is covered as part of design and systemVerilog/UVM are covered as part of verification. The course highlights are periodical tests followed by extensive lab sessions and mock interviews.
TYPES OF PLACEMENT,GOOD PLACEMENT VS. BAD PLACEMENT ,ALGORITHMS, ASIC DESIGN FLOW DIAGRAM,DEFINITION OF PLACEMENT,TECHNIQUES USED FOR PLACEMENT,PLACEMENT TRENDS,SOLUTIONS
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
As we push through lower technology nodes in the IC and chip design, the wire width goes thinner along with transistor size. This makes the wire resistance more dominant on 16nm and below technology nodes. This increasing resistance and the decreasing width of metal wires introduce many Electromigration and IR drop issues. These two issues play major roles in reducing the lifespan of an electronic device and are the causes of functionality failure in any electronic devices with lower technology nodes.
In this article, we will discuss the problems of electromigration and IR drop, and techniques to prevent the occurrence of these issues in electronic devices.
Electromigration is the gradual displacement of metal atoms in a semiconductor. It occurs when the current density is high enough to cause the drift of metal ions in the direction of the electron flow, and is characterized by the ion flux density. This density depends on the magnitude of forces that tend to hold the ions in place, i.e., the nature of the conductor, crystal size, interface and grain-boundary chemistry, and the magnitude of forces that tend to dislodge them, including the current density, temperature and mechanical stresses.
The Power supply in the chip is distributed uniformly through metal layers (Vdd & Vss) across the design. These metal layers have finite amount of resistance. When voltage is applied to this metal wires current starts flowing through the metal layers and some voltage is dropped due to that resistance of metal wires and current. this drop is called as IR drop.
Introduction of testing and verification of vlsi designUsha Mehta
This slides are introductory slides for the course testing and verification of VLSI Design which cover the basics of Why, Where, When and How of VLSI design testing
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
Very Large Scale Integration is the technology used now a day everywhere. Diploma as well as degree students can refer this
(For Downloads, send me mail
agarwal.avanish@yahoo.com)
A VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) system integrates millions of “electronic components” in a small area (few mm2 few cm2).
design “efficient” VLSI systems that has:
Circuit Speed ( high )
Power consumption ( low )
Design Area ( low )
RiseTime offers "Job Oriented VLSI Design & Verification Course"
In this course, you will learn both ASIC design and verification concepts. Verilog is covered as part of design and systemVerilog/UVM are covered as part of verification. The course highlights are periodical tests followed by extensive lab sessions and mock interviews.
TYPES OF PLACEMENT,GOOD PLACEMENT VS. BAD PLACEMENT ,ALGORITHMS, ASIC DESIGN FLOW DIAGRAM,DEFINITION OF PLACEMENT,TECHNIQUES USED FOR PLACEMENT,PLACEMENT TRENDS,SOLUTIONS
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
As we push through lower technology nodes in the IC and chip design, the wire width goes thinner along with transistor size. This makes the wire resistance more dominant on 16nm and below technology nodes. This increasing resistance and the decreasing width of metal wires introduce many Electromigration and IR drop issues. These two issues play major roles in reducing the lifespan of an electronic device and are the causes of functionality failure in any electronic devices with lower technology nodes.
In this article, we will discuss the problems of electromigration and IR drop, and techniques to prevent the occurrence of these issues in electronic devices.
Electromigration is the gradual displacement of metal atoms in a semiconductor. It occurs when the current density is high enough to cause the drift of metal ions in the direction of the electron flow, and is characterized by the ion flux density. This density depends on the magnitude of forces that tend to hold the ions in place, i.e., the nature of the conductor, crystal size, interface and grain-boundary chemistry, and the magnitude of forces that tend to dislodge them, including the current density, temperature and mechanical stresses.
The Power supply in the chip is distributed uniformly through metal layers (Vdd & Vss) across the design. These metal layers have finite amount of resistance. When voltage is applied to this metal wires current starts flowing through the metal layers and some voltage is dropped due to that resistance of metal wires and current. this drop is called as IR drop.
Introduction of testing and verification of vlsi designUsha Mehta
This slides are introductory slides for the course testing and verification of VLSI Design which cover the basics of Why, Where, When and How of VLSI design testing
First op amps built in 1930’s-1940’s
Technically feedback amplifiers due to only having one useable input
Used in WW-II to help how to strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators, inverters
Took ±300V to ± 100V to power
EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics EngineeringCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the meaning of electronics. It traces the evolution of electronics and also mentions a few applications of electronics. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
Science and Life DU Foundation Course PowerPoint Presentation-Integrated Circ...Parth Nagpal
Science and Life DU Foundation Course PowerPoint Presentation made on the topic, "Integrated Circuit(IC),Light Emitting Diode(LED) and their applications "
Presentation gives an insight into Moore's law and it's successful 50 years.
An account on what Moore's law is, how we keep pace with Moore's law, and what future holds for it is detailed out in the slides.
Introduction to VLSI Design:
VLSI is an acronym and when expanded, this actually means Very Large Scale Integration or Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
Moore’s Law:
In 1965, Godon Moore, an industry pioneer predicted that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months.
He also predicted that semiconductor technology will double its effectivess every 18months and many other factors grow exponentionally
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
5. 2023/1/25 5
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
• The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or
most of the gas has been removed, permitting electrons to
move with no or low interaction with any remaining gas
molecules.
6. 2023/1/25 6
• A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of
electricity through it, depending on how much electricity is
input to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However,
unlike the vacuum tube, it is solid state.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
7. 2023/1/25 7
• Solid state means that it doesn't change its physical form as
it switches. There are no moving parts in a transistor.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
8. 2023/1/25 8
• Compared to the vacuum tube , transistors were much
smaller, faster and cheaper to manufacture. They were
also far more reliable and used much less power.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
9. 2023/1/25 9
• While most materials either insulate from electrical flow
(air, glass, wood) or conduct electricity readily (metals,
water).
• There are some that only conduct electricity a small
amount or only under certain conditions. These are called
semiconductors.
Conductivity & semiconductor
11. 2023/1/25 11
• The most commonly used semiconductor is of course
silicon.
Conductivity & semiconductor
12. 2023/1/25 12
• Miniaturization means the reduction in size of
components and circuits for increasing package density
and reducing power dissipation and signal propagation
delays.
Miniaturization, IC, LSI, VLSI
13. 2023/1/25 13
• The integrated circuit is a group of transistors manufactured
from a single piece of material and connected together
internally, without extra wiring. Integrated circuits are also
called ICs or chips.
Miniaturization , IC, LSI, VLSI
14. 2023/1/25 14
• LSI：Large-scale Integration
• Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the
creation of integrated circuits that had previously been
made from multiple discrete components.
• VLSI：Very Large-scale Integration
• VLSI circuits can contain millions of transistors.
Miniaturization , IC, LSI, VLSI
16. 2023/1/25 16
• 1900's: The Vacuum Tube.
• 1905: First electronic diode vacuum tube is built by English
physicist J. Ambrose Fleming, allowing the change of alternating
current into a direct one-way signal.
• 1906: First electronic triode vacuum tube is built by American
electrical engineer Lee De Forest, allowing signals to be controlled and
amplified. Technology of electronics is born.
• Late 1940's: The Transistor.
• 1947: The point-contact bipolar transistor is invented by Bell Lab's
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain.
• 1951: Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) is invented.
• 1952: Single-crystal silicon is fabricated.
• 1954: Oxide masking process is developed.
17. 2023/1/25 17
• Late 1950s: Key IC discoveries.
• 1958: First silicon integrated circuit is built by Texas
Instrument's Jack Kilby.
• 1959: Planar process to distribute transistors on silicon, with passive
oxide layers to protect junctions, is developed by Fairchild
Semiconductor's Noyce and Moore. A modern version of this process
is used today.
• 1960's: Small Scale Integration (SSI), up to 20 gates per chip.
• 1960: Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistor is invented.
• 1962: Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL) is developed.
• 1963: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) is
invented.
• Late 1960's: Medium Scale Integration (MSI), 20-200 gates per chip.
• 1968: MOS memory circuits are introduced.
18. 2023/1/25 18
• 1970's: Large Scale Integration (LSI), 200-5000 gates per chip.
• 1970: 8-bit MOS calculator chips are introduced, 7 micrometer
chip geometries.
• 1971: 16-bit Microprocessors are introduced.
• 1980's: Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), over 5000 gates per chip.
• 1981: Very High Speed Integration (VHSIC), tens' of thousands of
gates per chip, 1.5 micrometer chip geometries.
• 1984: 0.5 micrometer chip geometries.
20. 2023/1/25 20
• AT&T Bell Laboratories, Inc., byname Bell Labs, the
longtime research and development arm of the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It now
serves the same function in Lucent Technologies Inc.,
which was spun off from AT&T in 1996. Headquarters for
the laboratories are in Murray Hill, N.J.
Bell Laboratories
21. 2023/1/25 21
• Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American
manufacturer of calculators, microprocessors and digital
signal processors with its headquarters in Dallas, Texas.
Texas Instruments
22. 2023/1/25 22
• Intel Corporation is an American manufacturer of
semiconductor computer circuits. Besides microprocessors,
the company makes microcontrollers (single-chip
computers), memory chips, computer modules and boards,
network and conferencing products and parallel
supercomputers. The company was founded in 1968 by
Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Its headquarters are in
Santa Clara, California.
Intel Corporation
23. 2023/1/25 23
• Outline
– Transistor and vacuum tube (para.1, 2)
– Transistors and ICs (para.3)
– Semiconductors and ICs (para.4, 5)
– Miniaturization: from LSI to VLSI (para.6, 7, 8, 9)
Text tour
24. 2023/1/25 24
• Invented by Bell Lab in 1948
• A digital switch …
• A solid state device …
• Advantages over vacuum tube in size, speed, price
and power consumption etc., …
Transistor and vacuum tube
25. 2023/1/25 25
• Originally, …
• Like other discrete devices, …
• Invention of integrated circuit …
• Integrated circuit vs. discrete circuit
• Integrated circuit = IC = chip
Transistors and ICs
27. 2023/1/25 27
• Semiconductors : a special
material
• Conduct electricity …
• Silicon: the most commonly
used semiconductor
• Transistors created on
ICs …
• First IC in history invented
by TI in 1959
Semiconductors and ICs
28. 2023/1/25 28
• Miniaturization: the key to
IC tech.
• LSI: hundreds of
transistors …
• VLSI: millions of
transistors …
• The first VLSI
microprocessor: Intel 4004
introduced in 1971 …
Miniaturization: from LSI to VLSI
Intel 4004
33. 2023/1/25 33
• A contrivance or an invention serving a particular purpose,
especially a machine used to perform one or more
relatively simple tasks.
• A technique or means.
• A plan or scheme, especially a malign one.
• A decorative design, figure, or pattern, as one used in
embroidery.
device in dictionary
34. 2023/1/25 34
device in text
1. The transistor was originally a single, discrete
device, which you could place individually into a
circuit much like any other.
2. These devices typically contained hundreds of
transistors.
36. 2023/1/25 36
• Constituting a separate thing; distinct.
• Consisting of unconnected distinct parts.
• Defined for a finite set of values; not continuous.
discrete in dictionary
37. 2023/1/25 37
• Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the
creation of integrated circuits that had previously been
made from multiple discrete components.
discrete in text
39. 2023/1/25 39
• To operate or control by skilled use of the hands; handle：
– She manipulated the lights to get just the effect she wanted.
• To influence or manage shrewdly or deviously:
– He manipulated public opinion in his favor.
• To tamper with or falsify for personal gain:
– tried to manipulate stock prices.
manipulate in dictionary
40. 2023/1/25 40
• By careful chemical composition and arrangement, it is
possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer
of silicon, using various technologies to manipulate the
material into the correct form. These transistors are small,
fast and reliable, and use relatively little power.
manipulate in text
41. 2023/1/25 41
• Manipulate, exploit, maneuver
The central meaning shared by these verbs is to influence,
manage, use, or control to one's advantage by artful or
indirect means.
– manipulates people into helping him;
– exploiting her friends;
– maneuvering to gain an edge over their corporate competitors.
manipulate in use
42. 2023/1/25 42
• A constituent element, as of a system.
• A part of a mechanical or electrical complex.
component in dictionary
43. 2023/1/25 43
• Originally, the functions performed by a processor were
implemented using several different logic chips. Intel was
the first company to incorporate all of these logic
components into a single chip.
component in text
