The document summarizes the key components and process of a vapor compression refrigeration system. It consists of 4 main components: an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. The refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator, compressed to high pressure in the compressor, condensed to liquid in the condenser, then expanded to low pressure through the expansion valve before repeating the cycle. The system uses the phase change of refrigerants to absorb heat in the evaporator and reject heat in the condenser to achieve refrigeration. Common refrigerants used include chlorofluorocarbons.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Learn how a basic chiller works through Bergs School of Cool. To learn more about refrigerants and chillers, please visit: http://berg-group.com/engineered-solutions/the-science-behind-refrigeration/
The demand of power is increasing exponentially results in installation of new stations whereas the sources of water are depreciating acutely. In future there may be a situation in which water sources may not cope up with this requirement.
Also the serious concerns of the regulatory authorities regarding usage of natural resources, definitely the norms will be further be tightened, which will curtail the freedom of usage of water in power plant.
In present scenario land acquisition is one of the toughest hurdles in plant installations which can be averted by locating stations in water scarce regions, by employing air cooled system which eliminates dependencies on water for CW.
Although dry cooling systems are costly technologies on techno-economic considerations, but foreseeing the future it is the need of hour to employ dry cooling system which offers possible solution for power plant installation eliminating the above mentioned challenges.
Learn how a basic chiller works through Bergs School of Cool. To learn more about refrigerants and chillers, please visit: http://berg-group.com/engineered-solutions/the-science-behind-refrigeration/
The demand of power is increasing exponentially results in installation of new stations whereas the sources of water are depreciating acutely. In future there may be a situation in which water sources may not cope up with this requirement.
Also the serious concerns of the regulatory authorities regarding usage of natural resources, definitely the norms will be further be tightened, which will curtail the freedom of usage of water in power plant.
In present scenario land acquisition is one of the toughest hurdles in plant installations which can be averted by locating stations in water scarce regions, by employing air cooled system which eliminates dependencies on water for CW.
Although dry cooling systems are costly technologies on techno-economic considerations, but foreseeing the future it is the need of hour to employ dry cooling system which offers possible solution for power plant installation eliminating the above mentioned challenges.
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity.
A transducer is a device which transforms a non-electricalphysical quantity (i.e. temperature, sound or light) into anelectrical signal (i.e. voltage, current, capacity…)
In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable power supply.
Design of Magnetic Circuit for Synchronous MachineAbhishek Choksi
Mmf required to drive flux in the magnetic circuit of a synchronous machine can be calculated as by the governing terms:-
Mmf for air gap
Mmf for armature teeth
Mmf for core
Mmf for poles
Mmf for yoke
Total field Mmf at no load
Total field Mmf at full load
Load flow studies or Power flow studies is the analysis of a power system in normal steady state condition.
Load flow studies basically comprises of the determination of
Voltage
Current
Active Power
Reactive Power
Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.
Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.
It is that branch of welding in which Electric current is used to produce the large heat required for joining together into firm two pieces of metals.
Electrical welding process fall into two main categories
RESISTANCE WELDING.
ARC WELDING.
DC motor and open loop speed control.
Closed loop speed control of DC drives.
Closed loop speed control with inner loop current control
Closed loop field control
Closed loop armature control.
Synthesis of unsymmetrical phasors from their symmetrical componentsAbhishek Choksi
Power systems are large and complex three phase system
In normal operating conditions , electrical power system operate in balanced condition.
But sometimes certain situation occurs like fault or short circuit which make the system to be unstable.
Single phase equivalent system method of analysis cannot be applied to such system.
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
The armature winding is the main current-carrying winding in which the electromotive force or counter-emf of rotation is induced.
The current in the armature winding is known as the armature current.
The location of the winding depends upon the type of machine.
The armature windings of dc motors are located on the rotor, since they must operate in union with the commutator.
In DC rotating machines other than brushless DC machines, it is usually rotating.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
Principle of regenerative braking and chopper configurationAbhishek Choksi
A Regenerative Brake, is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed.
This braking method is called regenerative baking because here the motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
Web application attack and audit framework (w3af)Abhishek Choksi
w3af (web application attack and audit framework) is an open-source web application security scanner. The project provides a vulnerability scanner and exploitation tool for Web applications. It provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing efforts. Users have the choice between a graphic user interface and a command-line interface.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
3. Refrigeration
• Refrigeration : The term refrigeration may be defined as the
process of removing heat from a substance under controlled
conditions.
• It also includes the process of reducing heat & maintaining the
temp. of a body below the general temp. of its surroundings.
4. Vapour Compression System
Low Pressure Side
High Pressure Side
Liquid receiver
Expansion
valve
Compressor
Evaporator
Liquid
Condenser
Heat in
Heat out
Hot Gas
Gas
4 numbers principle components :
(1)Evaporator
(2)Compressor
(3)Condenser
(4)Expansion Valve
5. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
• Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when
allowed to expand
• If pressure high enough
• Compressed air hotter than source of cooling
• Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature
6. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Two advantages
• Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to
change liquid to vapour)
• Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of
working fluid much lower than what is being cooled)
8. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Refrigeration cycle
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in
evaporator absorbs heat and
changes to a gas
Condenser
Evaporator
High
Pressure
Side
Low
Pressure
Side
Compressor
Expansion
Device
1 2
3
4
9. 1) The evaporator coils are located in the compartment to be cooled.
2) The low pressure liquid refrigerant ,after passing through the
expansion valve, expands.
3) Takes in heat from the surrounding and evaporates.
4) The gas is then sucked up by the compressor.
5) The amount of heat added to the liquid to make it saturated and
change states is called Super Heat.
EVAPORATOR:
10. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
The superheated vapour enters the
compressor where its pressure is
raised
Condenser
Evaporator
High
Pressure
Side
Low
Pressure
Side
Compressor
Expansion
Device
1 2
3
4
11. The Compressor
• The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just what it’s name
is. It compresses the low pressure refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and
compresses it into a high pressure vapor.
• The inlet to the compressor is called the Suction Line. It brings the low pressure vapor
into the compressor.
• After the compressor compresses the refrigerant into a high pressure Vapor, it
removes it to the outlet called the Discharge Line.
12. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
The high pressure superheated gas
is cooled in several stages in the
condenser
Condenser
Evaporator
High
Pressure
Side
Low
Pressure
Side
Compressor
Expansion
Device
1 2
3
4
13. The Condenser
• The Discharge Line leaves the compressor and runs to the inlet of the condenser.
• Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is a hot high pressure vapor (as pressure goes
up – temperature goes up).
• The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to flow through the tubes.
• Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the tubing to the cooler air
(energy goes from hot to cold – latent heat).
• As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches it’s saturated temperature and
starts to boil (change states), into a high pressure liquid.
• The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser through the liquid line and travels to the
metering device. Sometimes running through a filter dryer first, to remove any dirt or
foreign particles.
14. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Refrigeration cycle
Liquid passes through expansion device,
which reduces its pressure and controls the
flow into the evaporator
Condenser
Evaporator
High
Pressure
Side
Low
Pressure
Side
Compressor
Expansion
Device
1 2
3
4
15. Thermal expansion Valves
• EXPANSION:
1) The expansion valve acting as a regulating
valve, limits the amount of refrigerant
flowing through.
2) Resulting in reduction of pressure of the
liquid and expansion takes place.
16. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Type of refrigerant
• Refrigerant determined by the required cooling
temperature
• Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-
12, R-21, R-22 and R-502