Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
The document discusses the history and principles of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. Some key points:
- Vapor absorption was first discovered in 1824 by Michael Faraday and the first machine was built in 1860. It uses a refrigerant (ammonia) that is absorbed into a solvent (water) for compression.
- Unlike vapor compression, it uses heat rather than mechanical energy to change the refrigerant's state. This allows it to be powered by waste heat or solar energy.
- The first domestic refrigerator using this technology was invented in 1925 and used ammonia, hydrogen, and water in a "three-fluid" system to eliminate the need for a pump.
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This document discusses different types of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. It describes a simple system that uses an absorber, pump, generator and pressure reducing valve instead of a compressor. Ammonia vapor is absorbed by water in the absorber and heated in the generator to drive off the vapor. A practical system improves on this with accessories like an analyzer and rectifier. An Electrolux system uses ammonia, water and hydrogen as three fluids, with hydrogen increasing evaporation and ammonia as the refrigerant. Finally, lithium bromide absorption systems are mentioned.
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This document provides an overview of conventional and modern heat pipes. It discusses the basic working principles of heat pipes, including how heat is transferred from the evaporator to the condenser via evaporation and condensation of a working fluid. It also describes the key components of heat pipes - the container, working fluid, and wick structure. Finally, it outlines several types of heat pipes such as thermosyphons, loop heat pipes, micro heat pipes, and variable conductance heat pipes.
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Vapor compression refrigeration cycle
Refrigerators and heat pumps transfer heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium. They differ only in their objectives - refrigerators remove heat (cooling), while heat pumps supply heat.
The vapor-compression cycle is the most common refrigeration cycle. It involves four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and rejected in the condenser. The compressor raises the refrigerant pressure and temperature between these components.
The performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems depends on factors like evaporator/condenser temperatures and pressures. Actual cycles are less efficient than ideal cycles due to irreversibilities like heat transfer across a temperature
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The document discusses the history and principles of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. Some key points:
- Vapor absorption was first discovered in 1824 by Michael Faraday and the first machine was built in 1860. It uses a refrigerant (ammonia) that is absorbed into a solvent (water) for compression.
- Unlike vapor compression, it uses heat rather than mechanical energy to change the refrigerant's state. This allows it to be powered by waste heat or solar energy.
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This document discusses different types of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. It describes a simple system that uses an absorber, pump, generator and pressure reducing valve instead of a compressor. Ammonia vapor is absorbed by water in the absorber and heated in the generator to drive off the vapor. A practical system improves on this with accessories like an analyzer and rectifier. An Electrolux system uses ammonia, water and hydrogen as three fluids, with hydrogen increasing evaporation and ammonia as the refrigerant. Finally, lithium bromide absorption systems are mentioned.
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The document discusses different components of a steam condenser system including condensers, cooling towers, and cooling ponds. It describes the functions of condensers in reducing turbine exhaust pressure and reusing condensed steam. Surface condensers are preferred over jet condensers as they allow for pure condensate reuse. Cooling can be achieved through natural or mechanical draft cooling towers, induced or forced draft designs, and through cooling ponds with different arrangements to maximize heat transfer from water to air.
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle
Refrigerators and heat pumps transfer heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium. They differ only in their objectives - refrigerators remove heat (cooling), while heat pumps supply heat.
The vapor-compression cycle is the most common refrigeration cycle. It involves four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and rejected in the condenser. The compressor raises the refrigerant pressure and temperature between these components.
The performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems depends on factors like evaporator/condenser temperatures and pressures. Actual cycles are less efficient than ideal cycles due to irreversibilities like heat transfer across a temperature
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1. The document discusses vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS), which are the most commonly used refrigeration systems. In VCRS, the refrigerant undergoes phase change and the refrigeration effect occurs during evaporation.
2. VCRS have higher efficiency and smaller size than air refrigeration systems for a given capacity, but have higher initial costs and issues with refrigerant leakage.
3. The standard VCRS cycle introduces irreversibilities from isenthalpic expansion and non-isothermal heat rejection, lowering its COP compared to the ideal Carnot cycle. Subcooling and superheating can improve the cycle efficiency.
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Condensation occurs when vapor temperature decreases below saturation. It can be dropwise or film condensation, with dropwise having higher heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer
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1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
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This document discusses refrigerant compressors, including their classification and types. It describes reciprocating compressors, which use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Rotary compressors are also covered, using two meshing screws to compress gas. Centrifugal compressors rely on the kinetic energy of an impeller to increase pressure. Direct drive and belt drive compressors are compared, as well as hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors, which enclose components within a sealed shell.
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1. The document discusses vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS), which are the most commonly used refrigeration systems. In VCRS, the refrigerant undergoes phase change and the refrigeration effect occurs during evaporation.
2. VCRS have higher efficiency and smaller size than air refrigeration systems for a given capacity, but have higher initial costs and issues with refrigerant leakage.
3. The standard VCRS cycle introduces irreversibilities from isenthalpic expansion and non-isothermal heat rejection, lowering its COP compared to the ideal Carnot cycle. Subcooling and superheating can improve the cycle efficiency.
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This document discusses boiling and condensation processes. It defines boiling as the transition of a liquid to vapor when heated to the saturation temperature. There are different types of boiling including pool boiling, where fluid motion is from natural convection, and flow boiling, where an external pump forces liquid motion.
The boiling curve is presented, outlining the different boiling regimes of natural convection, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling that occur as heat flux increases. Correlations are provided for calculating heat transfer in the nucleate and film boiling regimes.
Condensation occurs when vapor temperature decreases below saturation. It can be dropwise or film condensation, with dropwise having higher heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer
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Evaporators are components in refrigeration systems that absorb heat from the surrounding environment. They operate at the low pressure side where the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a vapor phase. The heat transfer capacity of an evaporator depends on factors like the heat transfer coefficient, surface area, temperature difference, and refrigerant velocity. There are several types of evaporators classified by their construction, refrigerant feed method, heat transfer mode, and operating conditions like frosting, non-frosting, and defrosting. Evaporators are widely used in industries like food processing, beverages, chemicals, and more to absorb heat for cooling applications.
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The document discusses refrigeration systems and concepts. It provides:
1) An overview of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation of a refrigerant to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature.
2) Descriptions of the main components in the cycle, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and refrigerants used.
3) An introduction to absorption refrigeration systems which use heat energy rather than mechanical work to provide refrigeration.
4) Examples of refrigeration systems like domestic refrigerators and ice plants which use the vapor compression cycle.
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LU5 - Refrigeration.pptx
Refrigeration cycle slides with examples. nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt6yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyytrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The document summarizes the working of a vapour absorption refrigeration system. It begins by explaining that this system uses heat energy instead of mechanical energy like a vapour compression system. It then describes the key components of a simple vapour absorption system - an absorber, pump, generator and pressure reducing valve which replace the compressor. It notes that in practical systems, an analyser and rectifier are added along with heat exchangers to improve performance and efficiency. Some advantages of absorption systems over compression systems are also listed, such as being quieter and able to use low-grade heat sources.
Aprds system
The document describes the auxiliary PRDS (pressure reducing and desuperheating) system used in thermal power plants. It has two identical systems - the turbine auxiliary steam system (TAS) and boiler auxiliary steam system (BAS). Low and high capacity auxiliary steam is derived from main steam and its pressure and temperature are reduced before supplying it to various locations in the plant for processes like deaeration, soot blowing, oil heating etc. The systems use control valves, isolating valves, desuperheaters and spray water to control pressure and temperature.
Refrigeration and air conditioning
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning. It defines refrigeration as the process of transferring heat from a low temperature region to a high temperature region to cool a substance. The principle of refrigeration is based on the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat does not flow from a low to high temperature body without external work. It then describes the vapor compression refrigeration system, which uses a compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Current refrigeration methods discussed are vapor compression and vapor absorption. Vapor absorption uses a heat source rather than electricity. Air conditioning alters properties like temperature and humidity of air for comfort or industrial processes, regardless of external conditions. Different types of air conditioning systems are also outlined
urea processes - Copy.pptx
The document discusses different urea production processes, including the conventional process, stripping process, and differences between them. It provides details on the Montedison, Mitsu-toatsu, Stamicarbon, and SAIPEM processes, including typical operating parameters and unique features. It also discusses potential revamps to existing urea plants, such as changing from total recycle to stripping processes and changing the crystallization route to a concentration route, with the goal of reducing costs through lower energy requirements.
refrigeration and air conditioning
The document describes the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. It includes a diagram labeling the major components: evaporator, absorber, pump, aqua heat exchanger, analyzer, generator, rectifier, condenser, receiver, and expansion valve. It explains the process of vapor being absorbed in water in the absorber, releasing heat and being cooled. The strong aqua solution is sent to the generator where heating separates ammonia vapor, which passes through the analyzer, rectifier, and condenser before repeating the cycle. The aqua heat exchanger improves efficiency by heating strong aqua and cooling weak aqua.
Simple Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System
1. The document describes the basic components and working of a simple vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS). It explains the working of the absorber, generator, condenser, expansion device and evaporator.
2. It then discusses the concept of circulation ratio and provides the steady flow analysis and governing equations for a VARS using the water-lithium bromide pair.
3. It also gives the key equations to calculate the COP, heat input/output of the various components, and provides a sample problem to calculate the COP and total heat rejection of a given VARS system.
Unit 26
This document discusses various commercial refrigeration systems and applications. It describes reach-in refrigeration cases, self-contained and remote condensing units, multiple evaporator systems, and package versus remote condensing applications. It also covers topics like heat reclaim, mullion heat, walk-in refrigeration, vending machines, and air dryers. The objectives are to describe different display equipment types, discuss heat reclaim concepts, and explain various refrigeration system applications.
Hvac Equipment and Maintenance
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems and their components. It begins with definitions of HVAC, refrigeration, and ton of refrigeration. It then describes different types of HVAC systems like central AC, VRF, chilled water, etc. and refrigeration systems like vapor compression, absorption, etc. The main components of vapor compression cycles like compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve are explained. Applications like AC, refrigerators and maintenance of VRF, DX, and ventilation systems are covered. Filters and fans used in ventilation are also summarized.
Effects of Changing Different Components in a Compression Refrigeration System
This document describes the components and processes of a vapor compression refrigeration system. It contains information on common types of compressors (reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal), condensers (air-cooled, water-cooled, evaporative), and evaporators. It discusses using different compressor types based on required cooling capacity and advantages of each condenser type. The document also mentions using multiple evaporators to increase cooling capacity and reduce evaporator size.
Liquefaction
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
Cem 350 hvac air side systems 10-2016
This document discusses the fundamentals of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. It covers various air handling unit components like coils, filters, fans and their functions. It also describes different types of air conditioning systems including fan-coil units, VAV boxes, and dual duct systems. Additionally, it discusses air system basics such as fan laws, modulation techniques, economizers and strategies for year-round operation and outdoor air supply.
K11019(samant singh)rac
The document discusses the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. It contains sections on refrigeration, refrigerants, the four main components of the vapor compression cycle (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator), coefficient of performance calculations, effects of varying operating parameters, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. The vapor compression cycle uses a refrigerant that is compressed to a high pressure and temperature gas, condensed to a high pressure liquid, expanded to a low pressure liquid, and evaporated to absorb heat before repeating the cycle.
Refrigeration
refrigration system, types of refrigrants, their properties, Vapour compression cycle, superheating , subcooling, cascade refrigratioin systems, vapour absorbtion system , problems
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Effects of Changing Different Components in a Compression Refrigeration System
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Tech Totes Club
This document outlines a tech club called Tech Totes that aims to help students expand their knowledge of computers and technology. The club will be coordinated by five students and guided by two teachers. It will encourage students to learn about technology from basics to advanced levels through hands-on activities. The club's mission is to help students strengthen their understanding of technology and make them aware of latest developments so they can succeed in interviews and careers that increasingly require tech skills. It will use a computer lab, PCs, and posters for its activities targeted at first and fourth semester CE/IT students and all diploma semesters on Saturdays. Students will take monthly exams and get a certificate worth GTU points upon passing.
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VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
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一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
AI for Legal Research with applications, tools
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
- 1. PRESENTATION ON VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS • Subject Name : Elements Of Mechanical Engineering • Subject Code:2110006 • Submitted To: Rohan Kariya • Presented By : Dalsania Deep Ramani Bhargav Branch : Sem-Ist IT department Enrollment No. : 160350116002
- 2. CONTENTS • BASIC CONCEPT AND INTRODUCTION • SIMPLE VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM (I)INTRODUCTION (II)WORKING • ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION SYSTEM OVER COMPRESSION SYSTEM • VAPOUR COMPRESSION VS. VAPOUR ABSORPTION
- 3. What is the REFRIGERANT? The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which absorbs heat from space and rejects heat to outside the refrigerator. Types of REFRIGERANT: (1) NH3 (2) CO2 (3) Air (4) R11 (Trichloro monofluoro methane) or Freon-11 (5) R12 (Dichlaro – difluro methane) or Freon-12 (6) R22 (Monochloro – difluro methane) or Freon-22
- 4. TYPES OF REFRIGERATORS (1)Nature Refrigerator : Refrigeration effect produced by evaporation of liquid. (2)Mechanical Refrigerator: Refrigeration effect produced by external source of mechanical energy. (I) Air Refrigerator (II) Vapour Absorption Refrigerator (III) Vapour Compression Refrigerator Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCR) • Most popular and widely used in refrigeration and air conditioning for both domestic and industrial applications.
- 5. VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (VAR) • It was invented by a Frenchman , Carre in 1860. • It is quite similar to Vapour Compression systems. • There are two types of absorption system used in practice: (a) NH3 – H2O system (NH3 as refrigerant and H2O as absorbent) (b) H2O – LiBr system (H2O as refrigerant and LiBr as absorbent) • In that refrigerant coming from evaporator is absorbed by absorber. • In that the compressor is replaced by an absorber and generator. • NH3 is most suitable refrigerant for this. • NH3 is easily absorbed by water at low pressure and temperature , but at high pressure and temperature , the solubility of NH in water is reduced.
- 6. •Mixture of water and ammonia is heated by generator, ammonia vapour is separated from water. This principle is used in this system. Here NH3 :- Refrigerant and H2O :- Absorbent • The flow diagram of VAR is shown in figure and it consist of evaporator , condenser , generator , absorber , pump and expansion valve.
- 7. WORKING :- • Low pressure and temperature vapour ammonia coming from evapourator enters in the absorber. • Where ammonia is absorbed by weak solution coming from generator through throttle valve at point 5. • Due to absorption of NH3 in water , solution becomes strong. • During this process heat is released and rejected to cooling water. • The strong solution from absorber is pumped into generator , where it is heated and NH3 is vapour separated from solution . • In generator heat is supplied from external source . • The weak solution point 4 is flowing back to absorber through throttle valve . • Again weak solution in absorber absorbs NH3 vapour coming from evaporator.
- 8. • NH3 vapour coming from generator (at point 6) passes through condenser and is condensed in condenser and reject heat to cooling medium. • Then liquid NH3 (at point 7) is throttled through expansion valve and it enters into evaporator (at point 8). • In the evaporator NH3 evaporates by absorbing latent heat of evaporation to produce refrigerating effect. • Thus the cycle is completed. • In this system, work required is less compared to VCR , but external heat source for generator is required.
- 9. ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION SYSTEM OVER COMPRESSION SYSTEM • No moving part except pump-motor, which is comparatively smaller than compressor system. • Quiet in operation, low maintenance cost. • Can work only with thermal energy as an input. • Can be built for huge working capacities. (even for above 1000 TR) • Space and auto control requirements favour absorption system.
- 10. Sr. No. Particulars Vapour Compression Systems Vapour Absorption Systems 1. Type of Energy Supplied Mechanical – High Grade Heat – Low Grade 2. Energy Supply Rate Low High 3. Wear & Tear More Less 4. Performance at Part Load Poor Not affected at Part Load 5. Suitability Used where High Grade Mechanical Energy is available Can be used at Remote Places, as can be used with simple Kerosene lamp 6. Charging of Refrigerant Simple Difficult 7. Leakage More chances No chances, as no Compressor or Reciprocating Part 8. Damage Liquid traces in Suction Line may damage Compressor No danger VAPOUR COMPRESSION VS. VAPOUR ABSORPTION