The document discusses refrigeration systems, which operate by transferring heat from a low-temperature environment to a higher one. It outlines various refrigerants, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, and different chlorofluorocarbons, as well as their properties and applications in various refrigeration setups. Additionally, it explains the operation of vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems and their applications in domestic and industrial contexts.

1. Prepared by:
140050119032
Lakhani Dhruvit
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2.  The mechanism used for lowering or producing
low temp. in a body or a space, whose temp. is
already below the temp. of its surrounding, is
called the refrigeration system.
 Here the heat is being generally pumped from low
level to the higher one & is rejected at high temp.
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3.  The term refrigeration may be defined as the
process of removing heat from a substance
under controlled conditions.
 It also includes the process of reducing heat &
maintaining the temp. of a body below the
general temp. of its surroundings.
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4.  A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat
pump which takes out heat from a cold body &
delivers it to a hot body.
 The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which
during their cycle in a refrigeration system
absorbs heat from a low temp. system & delivers it
to a higher temp. system.
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5.  NH3(AMMONIA)
 Properties- Highly toxic,flammable,good thermal
properties,highest refrigerant effect per kg of
refrigerant.
 uses- It is widely used in large industrial and
commercial refrigeration system.it is mostly used
with VAR system like ice plants,cold storage etc.
 CO2(CARBON DIOXIDE)
 Properties- colourless,non-toxic,and non-
corrosive gas.
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6.  Uses- It is used in marine refrigeration system.
 AIR
 Properties- Easily available without cost,non-
toxic,completely safe refrigerant.
 Uses- It is used in aircraft air conditioning
system.
 R11(TRICHLORO MONOFLUORO METHANE)
 Properties- Non-toxic,non-flammable,non-
corrosive.
 Uses- It is used in small office buildings and air
conditioning.
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7.  R12(DICHLARO-DIFURO METHANE)
 Properties- Non-toxic,non-flammable, non-
explosive,most suitable refrigerant
 Uses-It is used in domestic vapour
compression refrigeration.
 R22(MONOCHLORO-DIFLURO METHANE)
 Properties- Non-toxic, non flammable,
required less compressor displacement.
 Uses- It is used in commercial and industrial
low temperature applications.
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8.  Vapour compression refrigeration system
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system
 Air refrigeration system
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9.  This is the most important system from the point
of commercial & domestic utility & most practical
form of refrigeration.
 The working fluid refrigerant used in this
refrigeration system readily evaporates &
condenses or changes alternatively between the
vapour & liquid phases without leaving the
refrigerating plant
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11.  During evaporation it absorbs heat from the cold
body or in condensing or cooling it rejects heat to
the external hot body .
 The heat absorbed from cold body during
evaporation is used as its latent heat for
converting it from liquid to vapour.
 Thus a cooling effect is created in working fluid.
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12.  This system of refrigeration thus act as latent
heat pump since its pump its latent heat from
the cold body or brine & rejects it or deliver it to
the external hot body or the cooling medium.
 According to the law of thermodynamics , this
can be done only on the expenditure of energy
which is supplied to the system in the form of
electrical energy driving the compressor.
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13.  Each cycle of operation consists of the four
fundamental changes of state or processes:-
 Expansion
 Vaporization
 Compression
 Condensation
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14.  The low pressure & temp. refrigerant from
evaporator is drawn into the compressor through
the inlet or suction valve , where it is
compressed to a high pressure & temp.
 The high pressure & temp vapour refrigerant is
discharged into the condenser through the
delivery or discharge valve.
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15.  The condenser or the cooler consists of coils of
pipe in which the high pressure & temp. vapour
refrigerant is cooled & condensed.
 The refrigerant while passing through the
condenser, rejects its latent heat to surrounding
condensing medium which is normally air or
water.
 Thus hot refrigerant vapour received from
compressor is converted into liquid form in
condenser.
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16.  The condensed liquid refrigerant from the
condenser is stored in a vessel, known as
receiver, from where it is supplied to the
expansion valve or refrigerant control valve.
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17.  The function of this valve is to allow the liquid
refrigerant under high pressure & temp. to pass at
a controlled rate after reducing its pressure &
temp.
 some of liquid refrigerant evaporates as it passes
through the expansion valve, but the greater
portion is vaporised in the evaporator at the low
pressure & temp.
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18.  An evaporator consists of coils of pipes in which
the liquid vapour refrigerant at low pressure &
temp. is evaporated & changed into vapour
refrigerant at low pressure & temp.
 During evaporation process, the liquid vapour
refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization
from the medium which is to be cooled.
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19.  The application of refrigeration for domestic
purposes are mainly in the form of domestic
refrigerators & home freezers.
 The main purpose of this type of refrigeration is to
provide low temp. for storage & distribution of
foods & drinks.
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21.  In this system the refrigerant coming from
evaporate is absorbed by absorber.
 The ammonia is a very suitable refrigerant
for VAR system.
 Ammonia has characteristic as it easily
by water at low pressure and temperature,
but at high pressure and temperature, the
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22. Solubility of ammonia in water is reduce.
 Therefore when mixture of water and ammonia is
heated by generator, the ammonia vapour is separated
from water.
 This principle is used in the vapour absorption
refrigeration system.
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24.  The air refrigerator is one of the oldest type
of refrigerator.
 In this refrigerator air is refrigerant and
operator on bell coleman cycle.
 It consist of compressor, expander, cooler,
and cold storage.
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