Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed forms of pathogens to stimulate antibody production against them. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines using weakened live pathogens, inactivated vaccines using killed pathogens, subunit vaccines using pathogen proteins, DNA vaccines using genetic material, synthetic peptide vaccines, and toxoid vaccines using inactivated bacterial toxins. Vaccines provide active immunity and are the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Immunization is very important in the developing countries where the major cause of death is infectious diseases.This ppt contains the brief introduction about different immunization protocols , types of vaccines and vaccination schedule.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Immunization is very important in the developing countries where the major cause of death is infectious diseases.This ppt contains the brief introduction about different immunization protocols , types of vaccines and vaccination schedule.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Dr. P. Saranraj
Head
Department of Microbiology
Sacred Heart College (Autonomous)
Tirupattur – 635 601
Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +91-9994146964; E.mail:
microsaranraj@gmail.com
VACCINES
2. VACCINES
Vaccine, is a suspension of weakened, killed, or
fragmented microbes or toxins or
of antibodies or lymphocytes that is
administered primarily to prevent disease.
A vaccine can confer Active immunity
(Artificial active immunity) against a specific
harmful agent by stimulating the Immune
system to attack the agent.
The term ''vaccine'' was derived in 1796 from the
Edward Jenner's use of the term ''Cow pox''
(Latin '‘variolae vaccinia'').
Edward Jenner was the pioneer of using Cow
pox pustules to prevent small pox infections
3. Vaccines can be Prophylactic (example: to
prevent or ameliorate the effects of a
future infection by a natural or
"wild" pathogen),
or Therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against
cancer are being investigated).
The administration of vaccines is
called Vaccination. Vaccination is the most
effective method of preventing infectious
diseases.
Vaccination given during childhood is
generally safe.
Adverse effects if any are generally mild.
4. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
Live Attenuated Vaccine (LAV) - A vaccine
prepared from living microorganisms that have been
weakened under laboratory conditions (Tissue
culture, Embryonated eggs and Live animals). They
will grow and replicate in a vaccinated
individual, but because they are weak, they will
cause no or very mild disease.
Examples - Viral: Measles, Mumps & Rubella
(MMR) (Combined vaccine) vaccine, Influenza
vaccine (nasal spray), Chicken pox
vaccine, Smallpox vaccine, Oral Adenovirus
vaccine, Oral Polio vaccine (Sabin), Rotavirus
vaccine, Shingles vaccine and Yellow fever vaccine.
Bacterial: Bacillus Calmette – Guerin (BCG)
5. Administration of Attenuated Vaccines
In an Attenuated vaccine, live virus particles
with very low virulence are administered.
They will reproduce, but very slowly. Since they
do reproduce and continue to present antigen
beyond the initial vaccination, boosters are
required less often (Adjuvants).
These vaccines are produced by growing the
virus in Tissue cultures that will select for less
virulent strains, or by Mutagenesis or Targeted
deletions in genes required for virulence. There
is a small risk of reversion to virulence; this
risk is smaller in vaccines with deletions.
Attenuated vaccines also cannot be used
6. Advantages of Attenuated Vaccines
Activates all phases of the Immune system (for
instance IgA local antibodies are produced).
Provides more durable immunity; boosters are
required less frequently (except OPV).
Low cost and Quick immunity.
Easy to administer (for
instance OPV for Polio can be taken orally,
rather than requiring a sterile injection by a
trained health worker, as the inactivated form IPV
dose).
Vaccines have strong beneficial Non-specific
effects (The effects which go beyond the
specific protective effects against the targeted
7. Disadvantages of Attenuated Vaccines
Secondary mutation can cause a reversion to
virulence. For this reason, OPV is no longer used
in the United States, and has been replaced on
the Recommended Childhood Immunization
Schedule by the Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
Severe complications
in Immunocompromised patients.
Some can be difficult to transport due to
requirement to maintain conditions
(e.g. temperature)
8. INACTIVATED OR KILLED VACCINES
Vaccines of this type are created by
inactivating a pathogen, typically using
heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde
or formalin. This destroys the pathogen’s
ability to replicate, but keeps it “intact” so
that the immune system can still recognize
it.
Example – Virus: Polio vaccine (Salk
vaccine), Hepatitis A vaccine, Rabies
vaccine, Japanese Encephalitis vaccine and
Influenza vaccine. Bacteria: Inactivated
Typhoid vaccine, Inactivated Cholera
9. Inactivated vaccines are further classified
depending on the method used to
inactivate the virus. They are (i) Whole
virus and vaccines, (ii) Split virus vaccines.
(i) Whole virus vaccines use the entire
virus particle, fully destroyed using heat,
chemicals, or radiation.
(ii) Split virus vaccines are produced by
using a detergent to disrupt the virus.
10. SUBUNIT VACCINE
Subunit vaccines are vaccines that use only
part of the disease-causing virus.
One part of the virus is responsible for
creating disease. The part responsible for
creating disease is a protein, which we call
the antigen. Subunit vaccines can contain from
1 to 20 antigens, that are either taken directly
from the virus, or grown in the lab using the virus
DNA.
Some of the commonly used Subunit vaccines –
Bacteria: Acellular Pertussis vaccine. Virus:
Hepatitis B Vaccine and Human Papiloma Virus
(HPV) vaccine.
11. An example of the Recombinant subunit vaccine
is the Hepatitis B virus vaccine. The Hepatitis
B genes that code for the antigens were inserted
into common Baker’s yeast. That yeast grew and
expressed the genes and produced the antigen
protein. Scientists were then able to collect and
purify the protein antigen, which was used for the
vaccine.
Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) is
another Subunit vaccine (contains
polysaccharide linked to the Vi capsular antigen),
in this case, against Typhoid caused by the Typhi
serotype of Salmonella. It is also called a
Conjugate vaccine, in which a polysaccharide
12. Advantages of Subunit Vaccines
Subunit vaccines can be given to people
with weakened immune systems.
These vaccines appear to give long-lived
immunity.
Since only parts of the virus are used for these
vaccines, the risks of reactions are very low.
Disadvantages of Subunit Vaccines
Several doses must be given for proper life-long
immunity
13. DNA VACCINE
DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting
against disease by injection with genetically
engineered DNA (Plasmid DNA) so cells directly
produce an antigen, producing a
protective immunological response.
Muscle cells take up the DNA and the encoded
protein antigen is expressed, leading to both a
Humoral antibody response and a Cell-mediated
response.
Several DNA vaccines are available
for Veterinary use. Currently no DNA vaccines
have been approved for human use.
A veterinary DNA vaccine to
14. An improved method for administering these
vaccines entails coating microscopic gold beads
with the plasmid DNA and then delivering the
coated particles through the skin into the
underlying muscle with an air gun (called a Gene
gun). This will allow rapid delivery of a vaccine to
large populations without the requirement for
huge supplies of needles and syringes.
Research of DNA Vaccine is underway
for viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases in
humans, as well as for several cancers.
15. Advantages of DNA Vaccines
No risk for infection
Antigen presentation by both MHC molecules
Ease of development and production
Stability for storage and shipping
Long-term persistence of immunogen
Encoded protein is expressed in the host in its natural
form - there is no denaturation or modification.
Refrigeration is not required for the handling and storage
of the plasmid DNA, a feature that greatly lowers the cost
and complexity of delivery.
DNA vaccines also induce both Humoral and Cell-
mediated immunity.
DNA vaccines cause prolonged expression of the
antigen, which generates significant immunological
16. Disadvantages of DNA Vaccines
Limited to protein immunogens (not useful for
non-protein based antigens such as bacterial
polysaccharides)
Risk of affecting genes controlling cell growth
Possibility of inducing antibody production
against DNA
Possibility of tolerance to the antigen (protein)
produced
Potential for atypical processing of bacterial and
parasite proteins
17. SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINE
Synthetic peptide vaccine is
a vaccine consisting mainly of 20 to 30
synthetic peptides.
Synthetic peptide vaccine are usually considered
to be safer than vaccines from microbial cultures.
Creating vaccines synthetically has the ability to
increase the speed of production. This is
especially important in the event of a pandemic.
The world's first synthetic vaccine was created in
1982 from Diphtheria toxin by Louis Chedid
(scientist) from the Pasteur Institute (Paris,
France) and Michael Sela from the Weizmann
Institute (Rehovot, Israel).
18. Advantages of Synthetic peptide Vaccines
Antigens are precisely defined and free from
unnecessary components which may be
associated with side effects.
Stable and relatively cheap to manufacture.
Less quality assurance is required.
Changes due to natural variation of the virus can
be readily accommodated, which would be a
great advantage for unstable viruses such as
influenza.
Less toxic.
Production and quality control is very simple.
19. Disadvantages of Synthetic Peptide Vaccines
Synthetic peptides do not readily stimulate T
cells.
Synthetic peptides are not applicable to all
viruses.
May be less immunogenic than conventional
inactivated whole - virus vaccines.
Requires Adjuvant
Fails to elicit Cell Mediated Immunity
20. ANTI-IDIOTYPE VACCINE
A vaccine made of antibodies that see other
antibodies as the antigen and bind to it.
Anti-idiotype vaccines can stimulate the body to
produce antibodies against tumor cells.
Anti-idiotype antibody(AId) is the anti-antibody
aiming at group-specific antigen Epitope of the V
region of the antibody molecule.
Anti-idiotypic
vaccines comprise antibodies that have 3D
immunogenic regions, designated idiotopes, that
consist of protein sequences that bind to cell
receptors. Idiotopes are aggregated
into idiotypes specific of their target antigen. An
21. Anti-idiotype antibody vaccine is a new type of
immune biologics which was developed in the
late 1970s. It developed towards practical areas
and it had a big through in its production of
vaccines, treatment of cancer and so on.
Anti-idiotypes have many potential uses as viral
vaccines, particularly when the antigen is difficult
to grow or hazardous. They have been used to
induce immunity against a wide range of viruses,
including Hepatitis – B, Rabies, Newcastle
disease virus and Reoviruses and Polioviruses.
23. TOXOIDS
Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made
from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from
bacteria.
Some bacteria that cause disease through
releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists
can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a
chemical called formalin and sterilized water,
which are completely safe to use in small
quantities in the human body.
Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a
toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The
body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural
toxin once exposed to the toxoid through
24. In international medical literature, the Toxoid
preparation also is known
as Anatoxin or Anatoxine.
Example for Toxoids or Toxoid vaccines -
Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus
toxoid and Botulism toxoid.
Toxoids can actually be considered killed or
inactivated vaccines, but are sometimes given
their own category to highlight the fact that they
contain an inactivated toxin, and not an
inactivated form of bacteria.