vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Recombinant baculoviruses are widely used to
express heterologous genes in cultured insect cells
and insect larvae. For large-scale applications, the
baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is particularly
advantageous.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Recombinant baculoviruses are widely used to
express heterologous genes in cultured insect cells
and insect larvae. For large-scale applications, the
baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is particularly
advantageous.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
Developing vaccines against infectious and epidemic diseases with the aid of Bioinformatics is now possible, by predicting epitopes on an antigen and finding possible targets for the antibody to bind. A new era of vaccine production is just ahead of us.
Watch out the ppt to know more!!!
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
Developing vaccines against infectious and epidemic diseases with the aid of Bioinformatics is now possible, by predicting epitopes on an antigen and finding possible targets for the antibody to bind. A new era of vaccine production is just ahead of us.
Watch out the ppt to know more!!!
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE & VACCINATION.
HISTORY.
TYPRE OF VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATION.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PATHOGEN.
PRECAUTION BEFORE TO VACCINE.
DRUGS ADMINISTRATION -: ROUTES & DOSE
SUMMARY.
REFERENCES.
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Human life is based upon the principle of work.
▪ One has to work to earn his livelihood.
▪ Pharmacy is one of the professions.
▪ The pharmacy council of India has introduced a new subject
named “Drug store and business management”.
▪ Syllabus is divided into two parts – part I commerce and part
II Accountancy.
▪ The purpose of this subject is to familiarise the students with
the basic concept of business, its proper management, sources
of finances in order to run it successfully and the last, the way
and means to note down various transactions in books of
account with a view to having a permanent record of the same.
Distribution is significant rated as a significant function of marketing. After
production a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer.
▪ This journey of the product from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer is
made possible through certain defined paths, termed as, “Channels of
Distribution”
Distribution is significant rated as a significant function of marketing. After
production a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer.
▪ This journey of the product from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer is
made possible through certain defined paths, termed as, “Channels of
Distribution”
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that have a high degree of specificity (mono-specificity) for an antigen or epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are typically derived from a clonal expansion of antibody producing malignant human plasma cells. The initial monoclonal antibodies were created by fusing spleen cells from an immunized mouse with human or mouse myeloma cells (malignant self-perpetuating antibody producing cells), and selecting out and cloning the hybrid cells (hybridomas) that produced the desired antibody reactivity. These initial monoclonal products were mouse antibodies and were very valuable in laboratory and animal research and diagnostic assays, but were problematic as therapeutic agents because of immune reactions to the foreign mouse protein. Subsequently, production of chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies and means of further “humanizing” them and producing fully human recombinant monoclonal antibodies were developed.
Chapter-1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and PhysiologyD.R. Chandravanshi
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine.
Program among these measures are the NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS, which have been launched by the central government of control/ eradication of communicable diseases, improvement of environmental sanitation, raising the standard of nutrition, control of population and improving rural health. Introduction
The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is unique in bringing together the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of drug registration. Since its inception in 1990, ICH has gradually evolved, to respond to the increasingly global face of drug development. ICH’s mission is to achieve greater harmonisation worldwide to ensure that safe, effective, and high quality medicines are developed and registered in the most resource-efficient manner. On 23 October 2015, ICH announced organisational changes as it marks 25 years of successful harmonisation.
Forms of business organization, DSBM D.Pharma 2nd yearD.R. Chandravanshi
The legal entity can be in any form of a business organization. The various forms of organization are as follows: 1) Sole proprietorship 2) Partnership 3) Co-operative Society 4) Joint stock company (Private and Public) These are explained in brief as follows:-3.1 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you will be able to know z Various forms of organization z Its formation & features z Merits & Demerits
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition that affects skin. It is characterized by changes in the skin that include hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and akantosis.
They are attributed to an increased mitosis rate in the basal region of the epidermis, as well as disorders of maturing and differentiating keratinocytes.
These changes in the dermis and epidermis cause the typical desquamation of the stratum corneum observed in psoriasis. The psoriatic lesions indicate an inflammatory reaction caused by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
These cytokines may stimulate the inflammatory response via the lipoxygenase and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
The red, scaling psoriatic plaques often itch and burn. People with psoriasis may suffer discomfort, including pain and itching and emotional distress Psoriasis affects 1% to 2% of the population.
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids,
are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double
bond three atoms away from the terminal
methyl group in their chemical structure.
They are widely distributed in nature, being
important constituents of animal lipid
metabolism, and they play an important
role in the human diet and in human
physiology.
https://www.slideshare.net/DauRamChandravanshi1
Pilot Plant:-
“Defined as a part of pharmaceutical industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into viable product by the development of liable practical procedure for manufacture”.
Scale-up:-
“The art of designing of prototype using the data obtained from the pilot plant model”
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC) is a pumped flow chromatography techniques that combine the user – friendly interface of HPLC with the capacity of flash chromatography and multidimensionally of TLC .
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC ) , in a contrast , is a pumped flow chromatography system that uses a planar 2D column format .
The multidimensionally capacity of OPLC is not limited to the separation technique alone , but also to the multitude of sample application and detection methods that are available .
Immunity
It can be defined as the resistance to disease, specifically to infectious disease or pathogens. The term “immune” is derived from the Latin word “immunis” that is exempt from charges. In medical term, it refers to the being protected from infectious pathogens.
Immune system
It is adaptive defense system which is able to generate a variety of cell and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of limitless foreign invaders into the system.
In 1975 Georges Kohler and Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies.
antibody
Also known as immunoglobulin is a large, Y shaped glycoprotein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
polyclonal antibodies
A polyclonal antibodies represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition.
SEMs can magnify an object from about 10 times up to 300,000 times. A scale bar is often provided on an SEM image. From this the actual size of structures in the image can be calculated.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the synergistic combination of two analytical method to separate and identify different substances within a test sample.
Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture in time.
Mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
Factors affecting Design of Experiment (DOE) and softwares of DOED.R. Chandravanshi
What is an experiment ?
An experiment refers to any process that generates a set of data.
An experiment involves a test or series of test in which purposeful changes are made to the input variables of a process or system so that changes in the output responses can be observed and identified.
Containers are in intimate contact with the product. No container presently available is totally non reactive, particularly with aqueous solutions . Both the chemical and physical characteristics are given primary consideration in the selection of a protective container . Glass containers traditionally have been used for sterile products , many of which are closed with rubber stoppers. Interest in plastic containers for parenterals is increasing and such containers are being used for commercial ophthalmic preparations and IV solutions.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
New generation vaccines production
1. NEW GENERATION VACCINES
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya,
Sagar (M.P.)
Submitted By -
Megha Soni
M. Pharm 1st SEM
2. vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-
causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's
immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize
and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter
in the future.
3. HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of
the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE
vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH
BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
4. CONVENTIONAL VACCINES- These are made up of complete virus or
bacteria. These are also known as first generation vaccine.
Types of conventional vaccines-
1. Attenuated vaccines – these live attenuated vaccines contain the major
types of pathogens, which have all the immunogenic features and attenuated
on laboratory conditions. These vaccines give long term safety and also no
need of booster dose. Eg. Vaccines for mumps, measles, rubella, influenza,
yellow fever, hepatitis A .
2. Inactivated vaccine – These vaccines involve usage of inactivated or killed
pathogens. However there are some concern , such as return of virulence,
characteristics of pathogens, which leads host disease and because of non-
proliferation pathogens clear rapidly from body , which could decrease the
efficiency and effectiveness of vaccine . Eg. Vaccines for cholera, pertussis.
5. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL VACCINES-
There are possibilities of reversion of the virulence of live vaccine and failure
of inactivation of inactivated vaccines.
Some conventional vaccines can produce secondary effects.
Conventional vaccine need to be kept refrigerate during their storage and
shipment. So results difficulty to maintain effectiveness of vaccines.
It has not been possible, using conventional techniques, to develop vaccines
against all the porcine diseases.
Eg. there is no effective vaccine against African swine fever virus.
Conventional vaccines do not allow the differentiation between vaccinated
animals and sick or carrier animals.
6. NEW GENERATION VACCINES-
• new generation vaccines contain the proteins of the infectious agent that are able
to induce an immune response in a similar way to that produced by the whole
agent.
• Secondly, the identification of those proteins that are not immunogenic, do not
have a role in replication, or that are related to virulence; thus, these proteins are
not necessary. Using genetic engineering, the genes coded for these proteins can
be selected, cloned and expressed using different vectors; they can also be
eliminated by selective deletion. A variation of this system is the chemical
production of the selected proteins once they have been identified.
8. 1. RECOMBINANT VACCINE-
This technique is based on the
production of proteins from an infectious
agent without using the microorganism.
Using genetic engineering techniques,
DNA is fragmented expressed in vitro in
different vectors . Thus, large quantities
of a protein (subunit) are produced
(sometimes more than one protein is
produced). This can be used as a subunit
vaccine.
9. TYPES OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE –
1. Subunit vaccine-
Subunit vaccines are vaccines that use only part of the disease-causing virus which
is responsible for creating disease. The part responsible for creating disease is a protein,
which we call the antigen. Subunit vaccines can contain from 1 to 20 antigens, that are
either taken directly from the virus, or grown in the lab using the virus’ DNA. Eg
hepatitis B virus vaccine.
Advantages-
1. Subunit vaccines can be given to people
with weakened immune systems.
2. These vaccines appear to give long-lived
Immunity.
3. Since only parts of the virus are used for
these vaccines, the risks of reactions are
very low.
10. 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines-
It is now possible to genetically engineer the
organisms (bacteria or viruses) and use them as
live vaccines, and such vaccines are referred to as
attenuated recombinant vaccines. The genetic
manipulations for the production of these
vaccines are broadly of two types:
1. Deletion or modification of virulence genes of
pathogenic organisms.
2. Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic
organisms to carry and express antigen
determinants from pathogenic organisms.
The advantage with attenuated vaccines is that the
native conformation of the immunogenic
determinants is preserved; hence the immune
response is substantially high.
11. 3.Vector recombinant vaccine-
• These are genetically modified viral vectors that can be used as vaccines against
certain pathogens. The desired gene coding for target antigens of virulent
pathogen is cloned into a vector. Then vector is administered into person. Then
vector slowly replicates inside the cell and serve as source of antigen.
• “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as carrier. Vactor include vaccinia,
polio, adenovius, salmonella etc.
12. 2. DNA VACCINES-
• DNA vaccines are the vaccines which contain DNA that codes for specific protiens
(antigens) from a pathogen.
• DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting an organism against disease by
injecting it with genetically engineered DNA to produce an immunological response.
• Genetic material into a living host resulting in specific immune activation of the host
against the gene delivered antigen.
• DNA vaccine in early development (preclinical trials) includes:
leukaemia, Alzheimer, TB, Ebola, Multiple sclerosis, malaria etc.
Advantages-
Very cheep to make.
Easy to transport and store.
Can be made in short time span.
Disadvantages-
Initial attempt to create DNA vaccine have not worked.
No DNA vaccine has been licenced for use in human yet.
13. DNA vaccines uses only the dna from infectious organisms.
It avoid risk of using actual infectious organism.
Provide both humoral and cell mediated immunity.
Refrigeration is not required.
14. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE-
Peptide-based vaccines are built of defined, small-peptide antigens engineered
to induce the desired immune response. However, these peptides are poorly
immunogenic and need to be delivered with additional immune-stimulating
agents such as adjuvants or particulate delivery systems/carriers.
they allow the immune response to focus solely on relevant epitopes, avoiding
those that lead to nonprotective responses, immune evasion, or unwanted side
effects, such as autoimmunity.
The design of peptide-based vaccines takes advantage of an emergent
computational paradigm that couples immunoinformatic prediction with
rigorous experimental validation, thus facilitating the identification of epitopes
within protein antigens. Amongst extant prediction technologies, the most
fruitful has been data-driven prediction of T-cell epitopes.
15. The use of peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancer has expanded since one
of the first studies used a MAGE-1 peptide for treatment of melanoma.
16. REFERENCES:
• Vyas S.P., Dixit V.K. “Pharmaceutical biotechnology” first edition, 2011, CBS
Publishers, New Delhi, India, 313-315.