Recombinant vaccines use genetic engineering techniques to produce antigens that induce protective immunity. They offer advantages over conventional vaccines like improved safety and defined composition. Recombinant vaccines work by inserting genes for antigens into vectors like viruses. This allows the vector to produce the antigen and elicit an immune response. They can target specific cells and induce immunity through multiple routes of administration. While live recombinant vaccines carry a risk of reversion, they elicit strong immune responses from just one or a few doses. Future areas of development include improved delivery methods and use of immunomodulators and plant expression systems.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
in this presentation, what are the steps and strategies involved the gene cloning and i was focused only on the 1st two steps of gene cloning.they are generation of foreign DNA molecules and selection of suitable vectors.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
in this presentation, what are the steps and strategies involved the gene cloning and i was focused only on the 1st two steps of gene cloning.they are generation of foreign DNA molecules and selection of suitable vectors.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Vaccines are tiny fragments of the disease-causing organism or the blueprints for making the tiny fragments. They contain other ingredients to keep the vaccine safe and effective.
A vaccine is an antigenic material that stimulates adaptive immunity to a disease.
Vaccines are generally considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as proteins.
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is often made from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Body's immune system is stimulated to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy it, and any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
It is a brief presentation made on Biomagnification at different tropic levels. Accumulation of toxic materials over time shows a drastic change and leads to severe consequences. Extinction of species is one of them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. PREFACE
• What is a vaccine?
• Properties of good vaccine
• Types of vaccines
• Advantages of recombinant vaccines over
conventional vaccines
• Recombinant virus vaccines or live
recombinant vaccines
• Future Potential
• References
3. WHAT IS A VACCINE?
A preparation of killed or weakened microorganism that is
given to a person orally or injected in order to prevent
disease.
• Edward Jenner demonstrated that a person inoculated
into the skin with cowpox was protected against small
pox and he thus developed the principles of vaccination
in 1796.
• In 1881 Louis Pasteur honored Jenner by naming the
processing ‘’vaccination’’ and the substance used to
vaccinate was a ‘’vaccine’’.
4. • Principle of a vaccine is to induce a primary
response in the vaccinated subject so that
following the exposure of a pathogen,a rapid
secondary immune response is generated
leading to accelerated elimination of the
organism and protection from clinical disease.
• Success depends on the generation of memory
T cells and B cells and presence of
neutralizing antibody serum.
5. Properties of a good vaccine
• Ability to elicit the appropriate
immune response for the particular
pathogen.
• Long term protection
• Safety
• Stability
• Inexpensiveness
6. Types of vaccines
• Live vaccines
• Killed or whole organism vaccines
• Subunit vaccines-purified or
recombinant antigen
• Recombinant vaccines
• DNA vaccines
7. • These vaccines are prepared from attenuated strains
that are almost or completely devoid of
pathogenicity but are capable of inducing a
protective immune response to the body.
• They multiply in human host and provide
continuous antigenic stimulation over a period of
time.
• For example typhoid vaccines.
8. Killed whole organism vaccines
• It is a vaccine that is produced by growing the
organism and then killing or inactivating it
with heat and/or chemicals.
• These are used when safe live vaccines are not
available
• For example inactivated polio vaccine
• Rabies vaccine
9. Subunit vaccines are defined as those
vaccines containing one or more pure or
semi-pure antigen.
These are of three types, toxoids,
recombinant subunit vaccines and non
recombinant subunit vaccines.
10. Toxoids
• In some diseases like diphtheria and tetanus it is
not the growth of the bacterium that is dangerous,
but the protein toxin that is liberated by it.
• Treating the toxin with formaldehyde denatures
the protein so that it is no longer dangerous.
• The inactivated toxin is called as toxoid.
• For example, DPT vaccine also called as triple
vaccine.
11. • SUBUNIT VACCINES (NON-RECOMBINANT)
• Constituent proteins of bacteria or virus are
isolated and purified
• Advantages:
• Defined Composition
• Various delivery systems available
• Disadvantages:
• Antigens must be produced and purified by
cultivation of a pathogen
• Multiple doses typically required
• Adjuvant needed
12. Subunit recombinant vaccines
These vaccines are those in which genes for desired antigens are inserted
into a vector, usually a virus, that has a very low virulence.
The vector expressing the antigen may be used as the vaccine, or the antigen
may be purified and injected as a subunit vaccine.
The only recombinant vaccine currently in use in humans is the Hepatitis B
Virus (HBV) vaccine, which is a recombinant subunit vaccine
Hepatitis B surface antigen is produced from a gene transfected into yeast
cells and purified for injection as a subunit vaccine.
This is much safer than using attenuated HBV, which could cause lethal
hepatitis or liver cancer if it reverted to its virulent phenotype.
Recombinant DNA techniques can also be used to make safer attenuated
pathogen vaccines
13. Vaccine Advantages Drawbacks
type
• Live vaccines 1.one or few doses 1.controlled attenuation
normally required required
2.Long term protection 2.risk of reversion
3.Both cellular and humoral 3.poorly defined
responses composition
• Killed vaccines 1.No risk of reversion 1.multiple doses
2.No risk of transmission required
2.poorly defined
composition
• Subunit vaccines 1.Defined composition 1.multiple doses
(non recombinant) 2.various delivery systems required
available 2.adjuvants needed
• Subunit vaccines 1.no risk of pathogenicity 1.multiple doses typically
(recombinant) 2.defined composition needed
3.various delivery systems 2.adjuvants needed
available
4.large scale production simplified
5.further genetic engineering possible
14. Which Vector to be used?
Must be compatible with host cell system
(prokaryotic vectors for prokaryotic cells,
eukaryotic vectors for eukaryotic cells)
Needs a good combination of
– strong promoters
– ribosome binding sites
– termination sequences
– affinity tag or solublization sequences
– multi-enzyme restriction site
15. A gene coding for an immunogenic protein from
one organism into the genome of other, such as
vaccinia virus is introduced.
The organism expressing that gene is called as
recombinant.
Following injection into the subject, the
recombinant will replicate and express sufficient
amounts of the foreign protein to induce a specific
immune response to the protein.
16. Advantages of viral vector
vaccines
• Elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses, resulting in immunological memory.
• Can be targeted by viral tropisms for particular cells,
e.g. intestine, brain, etc., inducing desired immunity.
• Can also encode for several antigens from different
pathogens, introducing the possibility of a single
vaccine for several diseases.
• Viral vectors have been found not to interfere with the
protection produced by other types of vaccines..
• Vaccines are relatively inexpensive and, for some,
easily transportable.
17. Disadvantages
• Since the live virus being used is an attenuated form of a
human pathogen, there is always a risk of reversion to
virulence.
• Some of the vectors under consideration, such as adenovirus,
have the capability of transforming cells to a cancerous
phenotype. While these oncogenes are removed, vector virus
could recombine with naturally occurring, pathogenic strains
in the environment and form a new hybrid virus with
transforming properties.
• Immune response to virus-infected cells may cause
pathological problems.
18.
19. Conventional vs Recombinant DNA
Vaccines
Conventional vaccines
• Chemical or physical
inactivation(killed)
• Laboratory induced
changes to weaken
pathogens(live
attenuated)
• Isolate related and
designed attenuated (Live)
Recombinant DNA
vaccines
• Recombinant generated
subunits or DNA
vaccines(killed)
• Gene deleted
pathogens
• Vector-based organisms
to deliver foreign gene
products(Live)
20. Future Developments
• Identification and utilization of better immunogens as new
vaccines for diseases
• Better vaccine delivery methods: oral, intranasal, and
systems allowing mass vaccinations
• Use of immunomodulators in vector-based vaccines: CPG
motifs and cytokines.
• Expression of foreign proteins in plants and the development
of edible vaccines
• Vaccines developed for non-infectious agents: control and
prevent cancer; vaccines to induce long lasting contraception