antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Antibody(Ab) or immunoglobulin(Ig) is the large Y shaped glycoprotein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances are called antigens.
They are synthesized by B lymphocytes and secreted by plasma cells.
Depending on the electrophoretic migration, 3 types of globulins are present in the blood, namely α, β and γ
So antibodies are gamma (γ) globulin.
i am discuss about ,
1] INTRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
2] HISTORY OF ANTIBODIES
3] STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES
4] IMMUNOGLOBULIN DOMAINS
5] HEAVY CHAIN
6] LIGHT CHAIN
7] CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES
& ITS FUNCTIONS.
This presentation clearly describes what are immunoglobulins, their types, structure and how they get diversified into different isotopes to fight with foreign antigens.
What is an Antibody?Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classesvarinder kumar
Forms
History
Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classes
Epitope
Antibodies structure
Antibody–antigen interactions
Function
Medical Applications
Regulations
Preclinical studies
Structure prediction
Antibody mimetic
OUTCOMES
By the end of this session student should be able to know
The structure of antibody
Immunoglobulin classes
Monoclonal antibodies VS polyclonal
INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins [Ig]) that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
They make up about 20% of the protein in blood plasma. Blood contains three types of globulins,
alpha,
beta,
gamma,
Antibodies are gamma globulins.
INTRODUCTION
There are five classes of antibodies:
1. IgG,
2. IgM,
3. IgA,
4. IgD,
5. IgE
Antibodies are subdivided into these five classes based on differences in their heavy chains.
ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
The most important functions of antibodies are to
neutralize toxins and viruses,
to opsonize microbes
so they are more easily phagocytosed, to activate complement, and to prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces.
In addition to these functions, antibodies have a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Antibody Type
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Function
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells. Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
Found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes, IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies are helpful for fighting off allergic reactions.
This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act as the first line of defense against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
MONOCLONAL VS POLYCLONAL
A. Polyclonal antibodies contain a heterologous mixture of IgGs against the whole antigen
B. monoclonal antibodies are composed of a single IgG against one epitope.
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Refer to a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules that are secreted against a particular antigen.
Refer to a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells.
Produced by different clones of plasma B cells.
Produced by the same clone of plasma B cells.
A heterogeneous antibody population.
A homogenous antibody population.
Interact with different epitopes on the same antigen.
Interact with a particular epitope on the antigen.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made up of
1. light (L)
2. heavy (H) polypeptide chains.
The terms light and heavy refer to molecular weight
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
The simplest antibody molecule has a Y shape consist of
“SCREENING FOR ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCERS IN SOIL FROM THE BANKS OF SEWER CANALS, AND TESTING THE EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS OBTAINED, AGAINST COLIFORMS”
“SCREENING FOR ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCERS IN SOIL FROM THE BANKS OF SEWER CANALS, AND TESTING THE EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS OBTAINED, AGAINST COLIFORMS”
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Definition
Antibody is a large protein ,constitiutes γ-gloublin
produced by plasma cells
It is used by the immune system to identify and
nutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
Antibodies are also called Immunogloublins
The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the
harmful agent called ANTIGEN,via the variable
region
3. History
In 1940s some facts are recognised :
Antibodies is genrally bivalent
Antibodies contains hapten ,it is a heterogenous
with respect to affinity
Antibodies are different classes based on Ultra
Centrifugation,Electrophorosis
4. STRUCTURE
All antibodies share a basic structure
Antibodies are heavy globular plasma
proteins[or]glycoproteins
The attached glycans are critically important to
the structure and function of the antibody
Each antibody is heterodiamer with a molecular
weight of approximately 150KD
6. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
DOMAINS
Antibody is composed of two identical heavy
polypeptide chains and two identical light
chains,bonded via interchain disulphide[s-s]
linkages
Each chain is composed of structural domains
called Immunoglobulin domains
These domains contains about 70-110
aminoacids
7. HEAVY CHAINS
Five types of heavy chains are present
They are;1)alpha(α) 2)gamma(γ) 3)delta(Δ)
4)epsilon 5)mu(μ)
Each heavy chain has two regions,one constant
region and one variable region
Alpha and gamma chains contains approximately
450 aminoacids, where as mu and epsilon chains
have approximately 550 aminoacids
8. LIGHT CHAINS
Two types of light chains are present
They are;1)kappa 2)lambda
All antibodies have one of the two kinds of light
chains
A light chain has two successive domains,one
constant domain and one variable domain
The approximate length of a light chain is 211-217
aminoacids
10. DIFFERENT CLASSES OF
ANTIBODIES
There are five classes of antibodies are present
They are;1)IgG 2)IgM 3)IgA
4)IgD 5)IgE
The antibody classes are named as correspond
to their heavy chain types
11. 1)IgG
They makes up approximately 80% of the serum
antibodies
They has a half-life of 7-23 days
IgG is a monomer and has 2-epitope binding sites
This is the only class of antibodies that can cross
the placenta and enter the fetal circulation
12. Functions
Immunity to new born
Neutralisation of Toxins
IgG3 binds to Fc receptor by Phagocytosis
13. 2)IgM
They makes up approximately 13% of the serum
antibodies
They has a half-life of about 5 days
Most of the IgM are pentamer and has 10 -
epitope binding sites.some are momomer
It is the first immunoglobulin class produced in a
primary response to antigen
15. 3)IgA
They makes up approximately 6% of the serum
antibodies
They has a half-life of approximately 5 days
IgA is a dimer and has 4-epitope binding sites
They found mainly in body secretions such as
saliva,mucous,tears,colostrum and milk
16. Functions
It as a Seceratory antibody
Effective against virus that causing Influnza
Production to Infant gut
17. 4)IgD
They makes up approximately 0.2% of the serum
antibodies
IgD is a monomer and has 2-epitope binding sites
This class antibodies are found on the surface of
B-lymphocytes
19. 5)IgE
It was discovered by KandT Ishizaka
It is very low concentration in blood(17-450ng/ml)
It contain small percentage of Lympocytes
20. Functions
Responsible for Immediate hypersensitivity
Binds to Fc receptor on basophils and mast cells
Release of substance like histamine ,vasoactive
mediators