The document outlines the general methods used for vaccine production, which includes 5 main steps: 1) generating the antigen by growing pathogens, 2) releasing and isolating the antigen from growth materials, 3) purifying the antigen using various separation techniques, 4) adding other components like adjuvants and preservatives, 5) packaging the vaccine for distribution while protecting it and the environment. Vaccines work by improving immunity but may not guarantee full protection against disease.

1. Methods For Production Of Vaccines

2. Introduction
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
Vaccine are killed, attenuated, toxoid, protein subunit or
conjugate.
Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a
disease.

3. General method for vaccine production
 Generation of antigen
 Release and isolation
 Purification
 Addition of other components
 Packaging

4. Generation of antigen
 In order generate the antigen, pathogen’s proteins or DNA need to
be grown and harvested using following mechanisms
 Viruses are grown on primary cell such as cell from chicken embryo
or using fertilized egg or cell lines that reproduce repeatedly.
 Bacteria are grown in bioreactor which are devices that use a
particular growth medium that optimizes the production of the
antigen.
 Recombinant proteins derived from the pathogen can be generated
either in yeast, bacteria or cell cultures.

5. Release and isolation
 The aim of the second step is to release as much virus or
bacteria as possible.
 To achieve this the antigen will be separated from the cell and
isolated from the proteins and other parts of the growth
medium that are still present.

6. Purification
 In the third step the antigen will need to be purified in order
to produce a high purity and quality product.
 This will be accomplished using different technique for
protein purification and several separation steps will be
carried out.
 For weakened or attenuated viruses no further purification
may be required.
 Recombinant proteins need many operations involving
ultrafiltration and column chromatography for purification
before they are ready for administration.

7. Addition of other components
 The fourth step includes the addition of an adjuvant,
stabilizers, and preservatives.
 The role of the adjuvant is to enhance the immune response
of the antigen , the stabilizers increase the storage life and
preservatives allow the use of multi dose vials.
 It is difficult to develop and produce combination vaccines
due to the possibility of incompatibilities and interactions
among the antigens and other ingredients of the vaccines.

8. Packaging
 Once the vaccine is put in recipient vessel it needs to be
protected from air, water and human contamination.
 The environment needs to be protected from spillage of the
antigens.
 And finally the vaccines are labelled and distributed
worldwide.