This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
The word "vaccine" originates from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow” a virus (cowpox) which manly effect the cow. which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans.
A Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to stimulate the body’s immune response. (Production of an Antibodies)
Vaccine is an immune biological substance designed to produced specific protection against a disease causing pathogen
It is given to prevent an infectious disease from developing disease in the person.
Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria)
But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t caused disease.
To synthesize a live attenuated vaccine, the disease-causing organism is grown under special laboratory conditions ,Vaccine production and purification
Compiled by Nagendra P and Pritam Vishu Bagwe
M.Tech Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India.
Vero cells are the continuous cell lines which is employed in the production of viral vaccines . This cell line has the ability to be scaled up and grown in large bioreactors using microcarrier beads .
Complex developmental disability in infancy and early childhood, sign and symptom, its treatment via therapist approaches across the child's daily life
Here in this presentation is proved that vaccines is one of the main causes of autism, mainly due to the presence of mercury in vaccines. Mercury has been known to cause autism.
The Biological Plausibility of a Relationship between Vaccines and Autism Spectrum Disorders. A presentation to the Florida Governor's Task Force on Autism Spectrum Disorders
A vaccine is an antigenic material that stimulates adaptive immunity to a disease.
Vaccines are generally considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as proteins.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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2. Contents:
• Introduction
• History
• Types
- 7 Types
- Their uses with exaple
- Saponins as vaccine adjuvants
• Vaccine Schedule (Nepal)
• Conclusion
3. Introduction:
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed forms
of the microbe.
4. • The agent stimulates the body's immune
system to recognize the agent as foreign,
destroy it, and keep a record of it.
• So that the immune system can more easily
recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounters.
• The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived
from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow),
the term devised by Edward Jenner to
denote cowpox.
Contd..
5. History:
• During the late 1760s whilst
serving his apprenticeship as
a surgeon Edward
Jenner learned of the story,
common in rural areas, that
dairy workers would never
have the often-fatal or
disfiguring disease smallpox
•Because they had already
had cowpox, which has a very
mild effect in humans.
Edward Jenner
6. • In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a
milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the arm
of an 8-year-old boy.
• Six weeks later inoculated the boy with
smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not
catch smallpox.
• Jenner extended his studies and in 1798
reported that his vaccine was safe in children
and adults.
Contd..
7. • The second generation of vaccines was
introduced in the 1880s by Louis Pasteur who
developed vaccines for chicken cholera and
anthrax.
• From the late nineteenth century vaccines were
considered a matter of national prestige, and
compulsory vaccination laws were passed.
Louis Pasteur
Contd..
9. 1. Live, Attenuated Vaccines:
• Live, attenuated vaccines contain a version of the
living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
so it can’t cause disease.
• Because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest
thing to a natural infection, these vaccines are
good “teachers” of the immune system.
• Example: Vaccines against measles, mumps, and
chickenpox
10. • Scientists produce inactivated vaccines by killing
the disease-causing microbe with chemicals,
heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more
stable and safer than live vaccines.
• Because dead microbes can’t mutate back to
their disease-causing state.
• Example: Vaccines against influenza,
polio, hepatitis A, and rabies.
2. Inactivated Vaccines:
11. 3.Subunits Vaccines:
• Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines
include only the antigens that best stimulate the
immune system.
• In some cases, these vaccines use epitopes the
very specific parts of the antigen that antibodies
or T cells recognize and bind to.
• Because subunit vaccines contain only the
essential antigens and not all the other
molecules that make up the microbe.
• Example: Plague immunization.
12. 4.Toxoid Vaccines:
• For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful
chemicals, a toxoid vaccine might be the
answer.
• These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin
is the main cause of illness.
• Scientists have found that they can inactivate
toxins by treating them with formalin. Such
“detoxified” toxins, called toxoids, are safe for
use in vaccines.
• Example: Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to
vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites.
13. 5.Conjugate Vaccines:
• If a bacterium possesses an outer coating of
sugar molecules called polysaccharides, as
many harmful bacteria do, researchers may try
making a conjugate vaccine for it.
• Polysaccharide coatings disguise a bacterium’s
antigens so that the immature immune systems
of infants and younger children can’t recognize
or respond to them.
• Example : Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.
14. 6.DNA Vaccines:
• Still in the experimental stages, these vaccines
show great promise, and several types are being
tested in humans.
• DNA vaccines take immunization to a new
technological level.
• These vaccines dispense with both the whole
organism and its parts and get right down to the
essentials: the microbe’s genetic material.
• Example: Influenza vaccine.
15. 7.Recombinant Vector Vaccines:
• Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental
vaccines similar to DNA vaccines
• But they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to
introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body.
• “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as
the carrier.
• Example : DPT
16. Saponins as vaccine adjuvant:
• At first: what is vaccine adjuvant ?
• A vaccine adjuvant is a substance that is added
to the vaccine to increase the body's immune
response to the vaccine.
• Saponins are natural glycosides of steroid or
triterpene which exhibited many different
biological and pharmacological activities.
• Notably, saponins can activate the mammalian
immune system, which have led to significant
interest in their potential as vaccine adjuvants.
17. Contd..
• The most widely used saponinbased adjuvants
are Quil A and its derivatives QS-21, isolated
from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina, which
have been evaluated in numerous clinical trials.
• Their unique capacity to stimulate both the Th1
immune response and the production of
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against
exogenous antigens makes them ideal for use in
subunit vaccines and vaccines directed against
intracellular pathogens as well as for therapeutic
cancer vaccines.
18. Research & Development:
• WHO have a separate unit for the research and
development of vaccine.
• WHO’s Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
facilitates vaccine research and development
(R&D) against pathogens with significant
disease and economic burden, with a particular
focus on low and middle income countries.
• Finding a safe, effective, and durable HIV
vaccine remains a top priority for world.
19. Contd..
• Through the Vaccine Research Center and the
Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome, NIAID (National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Disease) is recently busy in
conducing and supporting biomedical research
that leads to increased knowledge about how
HIV interacts with the human immune system
and evaluation of the most promising vaccine
candidates.
***
20. References:
• World Health Organisation
http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/
• A federal government Website managed by the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/types/
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810383/
• http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/research/vaccines
/Pages/default.aspx
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208455