The North's economy grew through industrialization, improved transportation like railroads and steamboats, and faster communication technologies. Northern cities saw large immigrant populations working in dangerous factories. The South relied on slavery and agriculture, specifically cotton, tobacco and rice plantations. Life for slaves was difficult, with harsh slave codes controlling their lives and families. They faced brutal conditions under slavery and the threat of being sold away from loved ones.

1. Chapter 13: North and SouthMagister RicardUS History

2. The North’s EconomyChapter 13.1

3. Technology and IndustryIndustrialization Division of labor among workersMachines replace workers’ duties, now tended to machinesIndustrialization lead to mass productionElias Howe invents the sewing machine (1843)Production on a large scale of cotton textiles

4. Improved TransportationSteamboats and Steamships – invented by Robert FultonCarried goods and passengers more quicklyClipper Ships – could sail an average of 300 miles per dayLocomotives – Peter Cooper and the Tom ThumbBy 1860 almost 31,000 miles of rail, mostly in North and Midwest

5. Faster CommunicationThe telegraph and Morse Code1844 Samuel Morse sends a message from Washington, DC to Baltimore, MarylandSpreading the news – newspapers explode1846 Richard Hoe invents steam rotary press

6. Revolution in Agriculture1837 John Deere’s steel-tipped plow allows for pioneers in Great Plains to farm1834 Cyrus McCormick mechanizes the reaper, used to harvest wheat which would become a staple crop of Midwest

7. The North’s PeopleChapter 13.2

8. Northern FactoriesBetween 1820s and 1860s, industrialization increasedWork was dangerous, conditions brutalWorkers were tending to machines with little protectionOwners cared more about profits than people – no laws existed to protect workersWorkers started forming trade unions, would strike for better conditions

9. The Rise of CitiesIndustrialization lead to UrbanizationPeople were looking for work, flocked to the factoriesUrban living was dangerousRun-down structures without plumbing or heatSpread disease and danger of fire1840s 14% lived in cities; 1860s 26%

10. ImmigrationBetween 1846-1860 1.5 million Irish immigrated to US due to potato famineBy 1850 1/3 of workers in Boston were IrishBetween 1848-1860 1 million German immigrants came to USImmigrants brought their languages, customs, cultures which were melted into American cultureImmigrants remind us of what we take for granted

11. ImmigrationImmigration leads to prejudiceKnow-Nothing Party – a political party formed by nativists who claimed to “know nothing”Called for stricter citizenship laws; prohibit foreigners from holding officeBy mid-1850s would split into Northern and Southern branches over question of slavery

12. Southern Cotton KingdomChapter 13.3

13. Rise of the Cotton KingdomSlavery was disappearing in the North by 1820s; grew stronger in the SouthTobacco and rice were former cash cropsSugarcane was too costly to produceUpper South produces tobacco; Deep South produces rice, sugarcane, and cotton1793 Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin – removed seeds from cotton fibersIncrease in slave labor and need for land

14. Industry’s Limited Role in the SouthNorth = industryNorth lacked good land, forced to innovateSouth = agricultureLack of capital – money used to invest in businessLack of vision in future marketsNorth used immigrant labor force, South slave labor forceLack of industry and railroads would plague South in Civil War

15. The South’s PeopleChapter 13.4

16. Small Farmers and Rural Poor

17. Small Farmers and Rural PoorYeomen farmers made up largest group of Southern white farmers – no slavesRanged from 50-200 acresSome rented land or were tenant farmers worked on landlord estatesRural poor sustenance farming, proud to be self-sufficient

18. PlantationsMeasured wealth by number of slaves and size of landCould be around several thousand acres

19. PlantationsPlantation owners focused on making profitsAssessed their fixed costs to determine their profit margins each yearProfit was determined by the price of their products (cotton, etc.)Agents would buy the cotton, extend credit to planters Then sell when price rose to make their profit

20. PlantationsPlantation wives watched over slaves who worked in the home, tended to them when sick, supervised construction, kept recordsDomestic slaves worked indoorsOthers were skilled laborers (blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.)Most slaves were field hands – supervised by an overseer

21. Life Under SlaveryWorked hard, earned no money, little hope of freedomFeared being resold, separated from familyFormed networks of extended families to cope and give stabilityMarriage was not honored by law, but did occurHeld on to their customs, but turned to Christianity for hopeDeveloped spirituals, or religious folk songs

22. Life Under SlaverySlave Codes – series of laws passed between 1830-1860Slaves were not allowed to gather in large numbersSlaves were not allowed to leave property without authorizationIt was a crime to teach slaves how to read and write

23. Life Under SlaveryNat Turner lead a slave rebellionKilled 55 whites in VirginiaWas literateLead to stricter Slave CodesInspired by the “Holy Spirit”

24. Life Under SlaveryMany slaves attempted running awayFrederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman successfully escaped to the NorthUsed the Underground Railroad which had series of safe houses aiding escapeesMost runaways were captured and returnedPunishment was usually whipping