The political system changed under President Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) as he expanded democracy. Jackson opposed the national bank and vetoed its recharter, believing it helped elites. He also increased direct election of government officials and gave jobs to his supporters, establishing the spoils system. However, these changes increased sectional tensions between North and South over states' rights and the tariff that threatened the Union.

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The Jackson Era 1824-1845

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Main Idea
The political system of the United
States changed under Andrew
Jackson.
As you read, ask yourself:
What changes in the political system of the
United States occurred under Andrew Jackson?

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Andrew Jackson
Background knowledge
President
• 7th President
• 1829 - 1837
Early Life
• Parents emigrated from
Ireland
• Father died before his
birth
• Mother died when he
was 14
• Two brothers also died

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Andrew Jackson
Background knowledge
Career - Military
• At 13 joined Continental
Army
• Major General of Tennessee
Militia
• Lead campaign against
Creek Indians in Georgia
• In 1815 lead military victory
over British at the Battle of
New Orleans

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Andrew Jackson
Background knowledge
Career - Politician
• Lawyer
• US Representative
• US Senator
• Circuit Judge
• President

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Andrew Jackson
Background knowledge
Personal Life
• Married Rachel Jackson
• Two adopted children
• Owned large cotton
plantation with 150
slaves
• Killed man in pistol duel

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Andrew Jackson
Background knowledge
• Andrew Jackson’s
likeness is found on
every 20.00 bill
• The 20.00 bill is
often referred to as
a Jackson

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Andrew Jackson Facts
• The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S.
President occurred on January 30, 1835, when
Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson.
• Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to
represent the Democratic Party.

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Andrew Jackson Facts
• Andrew Jackson was the first President to
articulate that as President he represented all the
people.
• Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a
U.S. Representative, Senator, and President.

10. The Jacksonian Era
Democrats and Whigs:
The Second Party System

11. The “Era of Good Feelings”
• James Monroe (1817-1825)
was the last Founder to serve
as President
• Federalist party had been
discredited after War of 1812
• Monroe unopposed for
reelection in 1820
• Foreign policy triumphs:
– Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
settled boundary with Mexico &
added Florida
– Monroe Doctrine warned
Europeans against further
colonization in Americas
James Monroe,
By Gilbert Stuart

12. The Election of 1824 & the
Split of the Republican Party
• “Era of Good Feelings” collapsed
under weight of sectional &
economic differences
• New generation of politicians
• Election of 1824 saw Republican
party split into factions
– Andrew Jackson received plurality
of popular & electoral vote
– House of Representatives chose John
Quincy Adams to be president
– Henry Clay became Secretary of
State – accused of “corrupt bargain”
• John Quincy Adams’ Inaugural
Address called in vain for return to
unity

13. The National Republicans
(Whigs)
• The leaders:
– Henry Clay
– John Quincy Adams
– Daniel Webster
• The followers:
– Middle class
– Educated
– Evangelical
– Native-born
– Market-oriented
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams

14. Whig Issues
• Conscience Whigs – abolition,
temperance, women’s rights, etc.
• Cotton Whigs – internal
improvements & protective tariffs to
foster economic growth (the
“American System”)

15. The Democratic
Republicans (Democrats)
• The leaders:
– Martin Van Buren
– Andrew Jackson
– John C. Calhoun
• The followers:
– Northern working class &
Southern planter aristocracy
– Not well-educated
– Confessional churches
– Immigrants
– Locally-oriented
Martin Van Buren
John C. Calhoun

16. Democratic Issues
• Limited power for federal
government & states’ rights
• Opposition to “corrupt” alliance
between government & business
• Individual freedom from coercion

17. “King Andrew” &
the “Monster Bank”
• Marshall’s decision in
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819) upheld 2nd Bank of
the U.S.
– Constitutional under
“necessary & proper” clause
– States can’t impede or
nullify federal laws
• Nicholas Biddle & other
directors openly boasted
of their power
• Jackson vetoed bank
recharter bill in 1832
“King Andrew”
Bank of the U.S. note

18. Jackson Destroys the
“Monster Bank”

19. The Beginning of Modern Politics
• Party nominating
conventions
• Open campaigning,
directed by party
organizations
• Campaign financing
scandals
• Whigs learned lesson
with “log cabin & hard
cider” campaign in
1840
William Henry Harrison
Campaign Banner, 1840

20. Growing Sectional Conflict
• Missouri Compromise
(1820)
– Missouri = slave state
– Maine = free state
– No slavery in rest of La.
Purchase north of 36’30
• Effects:
– Maintained balance of power
between North (free states) &
South (slave states) in Senate
– Continued two-tiered westward
expansion
– Left little room for slavery to
expand (Arkansas Territory)
Missouri Compromise

21. Nullification Crisis
• “Tariff of Abominations” (1828) set
very high protective tariffs
– Southern states opposed because exported
cotton & imported manufactured goods
– John Calhoun anonymously wrote South
Carolina Exposition & Protest (1829)
asserting states’ right to nullify federal
laws & secede from union
– South Carolina passed nullification
ordinance in Nov. 1832
• Daniel Webster’s “2nd Reply to
Hayne” (1830) refuted state
sovereignty & nullification
• Andrew Jackson’s Proclamation
(Dec. 1832) vowed to enforce law &
warned, “Disunion by armed force is
treason”
Sen. Daniel Webster
(W-Mass.)
Pres. Andrew
Jackson (D-Tenn.)

22. Enforcing the Tariff
Revenue cutter McLane enforcing
tariff in Charleston harbor, 1833

23. Removal of the
Southern Indians
• Removal Act (1830)
began relocation of tribes
on western reservations
• Supreme Court ruled in
Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia & Worcester v.
Georgia (1832) that
states had no authority
over tribes
• Remaining Cherokees
forced out on “Trail of
Tears” in 1838
• Black Hawk War (1832)
resulted in defeat &
removal of Sac & Fox

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Andrew Jackson Facts
• Andrew Jackson was the first President
from a state west of the Appalachian
Mountains.

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Videos
• www.history.com/topics/andrew-jackson
• Andrew Jackson’s Firsts
• Andrew Jackson, The Widower
• Jackson and the $20 bill
• Andrew Jackson’s Death

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Jacksonian Democracy
The Election of 1824
Striking a Bargain
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1828
Jackson Triumphs
Jackson as President
“Old Hickory”
New Voters
The Spoils System
Electoral Changes
The Tariff Debate
The South Protests
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Jackson Takes a Stand
The Nullification Crisis