1. The North and South diverged economically and socially in the early 19th century, developing into distinct regions. The North industrialized more due to its natural resources and cities, while the South relied on plantation agriculture and slavery. 2. Slavery became deeply entrenched in the South between 1815-1840. Southerners believed blacks were dependent and could never be citizens, while slavery upheld their society. Small farmers also supported slavery to maintain their way of life. 3. The Democratic Party focused on states' rights and keeping slavery out of national politics. This helped unify the country while the issue simmered until tensions could no longer be avoided before the Civil War.

1. CHAPTER 8
GLOBAL: DIVIDE THE
NORTH AND SOUTH

2. One reason for the division of the North and South is the difference of economic growth
that contributed to the rise of regional populations with opposing values and vision for the
futures of each side of the world.
From 1861 to 1865 which arose the Civil War ended with violent conclusion resulting in
decades of diversification. The North and South created faction from the beginning of the
nineteenth century and created their various paths, developing into two distinct and very
different regions.
The abundance of good soil and land in the northern part and a favored climate are good
to smaller farmsteads rather than large plantations. Through the wealth of natural resources,
industry flourished than in the south and many large cities were established (New York was the
largest). One-quarter of all Northerners were living in urban areas by 1860. Between 1800 and
1860, the percentage of agricultural workers fell dramatically from 70% to just 40%. Slavery had
died out because of this abundance, replacing immigrant labor from Europe in the cities and
factories. Indeed an overwhelming majority of immigrants settled in the North rather than the
South, seven out of every eight. Transportation in the North was more comfortable, boasting
over two-thirds of the country’s railroad tracks, and the economy was on the rise.

3. The Northerners have a business, medicine, or education careers. Unlike the life of the
Southerners, it’s not that easy and it’s too far to contribute. Northern kids were slightly more
likely than Southern kids to attend school.
However, the factory and the plantation of Southern life can also be considered for the
good living of the north. It was ideal for large-scale farms and crops such as tobacco and cotton
because of its very fertile soil and warm southern climate. Only a few of the Southerners saw a
need for industrial development, and many would want to support farming. On the farm, 80% of
the workforce worked athough there were no slaves owned by two-thirds of Southerners.
Apart from New Orleans, there were no large cities, and most of those that existed were
located on rivers and coasts as shipping ports for sending agricultural products to European or
Northern destinations.
A smaller white Southerners were literate than their Northern counterparts.
Southerner’s children tended to spend less time in school while adults Southerner’s men tended
to belong to the Democratic political party and gravitated toward military careers as well as
agriculture.

4. The US Economic Depression after the War of 1812
The United States after the war of 1812 found ways to become stronger and more
independent. People of the same shared beliefs were called the National Republicans. When
the United States in 1819 experienced great economic depression, the current financial system
was replaced by a new approach to cope up the needs of the state. In 1819, Missouri joined in
the union as a slave state but hidden in the figure of politics to maintain the union. Because of
this idea, the National Republicans created a strong industry and infrastructure while issues on
slavery were kept.
Henry Clay spearheaded the so-called American System. In this system, it prohibits the
tariff on trade goods such as glassware, china, shoes and tailored items. The very intention of
this tariff was to boost United states industry and crafting that become successful after also
improving the transportation. Congress passed bills to promote internal improvements because
of this observation. As a result, many roads, canals and railroads, including the National Road
and the Eirre Canal have been built. These transportation revolutions made it more plausible to
work in more rural areas became accesible by road, rail or canal. Large changes in
manufacturing and land use have also occurede due to these advances.

5. American crafting initially resembled European crafting: it worked within the skill level of
a Master, Journeyman, and Apprentice. An apprentice would work for a master, learn the skill
and eventually become a traveller, craftsman working for masters to earn enough money to
open their shops and become masters themselves. Thenature of crafting changed draatically
with the transportation revolution and the demand fro large quantities of low-quality goods.
Instead of a few people knowing all about a craft and doing a great job on it, masters started
hiring people to do a small part of the situation and pay for the piece. These they could sell in
large quantities and at a higher profit margin, thus making much more money. Land use has also
changed as farming has begun to fall out of favor and support has shifted to industry. The
judiciary was instrumental in supporting this change in how land was used.
During this period, under Chief Justice John Marshall, the United States Supreme Court
set several precedents and generally supported industrial land use, which was a far cry from the
ideo of how land should be used on the former common law. The general belief under common
law was that land should be used for agriculture, not for industry. The court ruled in favor of
Darmouth College Case in 1819. This case redefined a corporation’s definition and reinforced the
idea that lower court rulings could be overturned by the Supreme Court, a precedent set with
Martin v. Hunter’s Lesssee in 1816. These and other rulings have shown that the Supreme Court
hs supported the American system and the North’s industrial development.

6. The introduction of industrial development found to be not successful because many
farmers were unable to take advantage of these opportunities as the American System offered
them. Some were entrapped to debt, and some were unable to keep farming their plots and
land. Some are willing to buy land, but unfortunately, the area was being used for industry
manufacturing. The new working class, the men and women who entered the factories received
pennies a day in the textile mulls and grist mills, came through this.
In this period, he middle class enjoyed the most opportunity indeed evolved in American
civilization. They were the enterepreneurs, crafts men, stockholders and the like. The working
class has a tremendous different culture and values compared to the middle class. The belief
that a woman should remain in the home was established from the middle class. A wife and
mother and a private realm were instrumental in building s proper republican household. If one
had proper Republican family, the american system could benefit that household. The idea that
children should be allowed to be kids, as well as universal schooling and Christmas holiday
advent also came from the middle class. But one of the middle class’s biggest concern was moral
reform.

7. The middle class’ insistence on moral reform was partly due their fault. With the
changes in craftsmanship and so on, worker entertainment suddenly left the private realm and
entered the public. In working-clas neighborhoods like the Bowry, taverns, brothels and
gambling establishments soon rose. Men and women of the middle class seemed to look down
on the middle class, particularly as their actions were very different from their own.
Nevertheless, the working class did not have an excellent middle-class opinion either, blaming
them for their inability to rise in society due to poor pay and low-skill jobs. Politica parties of the
working man began to spring up in cities, fostering ideals that differed from those of the middle
class, which supported moral reform and the American system. Many in the working class
wanted the American system to be modified to protect the working class and its interests and to
focus less on the middle class.

8. Experiences of the South in 1815-1840
Between 1815 and 1840, the South was tremendously different from society compared to
the North. In the South, the priority was infrastructure than manufacturing. During this
period, slavery continues to emerge and affects the Southerner’s belief because of the
slavery system.
Respect for equality is neglected as a principle. The conviction that white equals
independence and black equals dependence was based on Southern society. In this
period, slavery becomes rampant in the South, believing that they preserved the republic
by upholdinf slavery.
Slavery is a big issue that is thought by the three groups of people.
1. THE PLANTERS
The planters themselves who owned most of the slaves. To justify the continues of
slavery, blacks were not given the oppurtunity to be republican citizens. Blacks were highly
considered dependent and can never be independent at all.

9. They upheld republican society by keeping slaves, planters said. Also, some farmers personally
believed that eaxh society had a class of so called “slaves”, the mud-sill class, who would never
become republican citizens because they could never become independent. They beleved that
black slaves were the best way to handle the mud-sill class situation in their society because
they dod not prevent any potential republican citizen from becoming a good and decent
republican citizen. Some of thm believed that slaves were everlasting children, and that’s why
they could never become citizens of the Republic. Some even believed that blacks were a
completely different species from whites, a theory later disproved.
2. THE BLACK BELT YEOMEN
The black belt were the segment of society that believed in slavery’s legitimacy and the
theories of white and black indepence and dependence. Black yeomen were small, non-
slaveholding farmers who lived in the black belt’s deep, rich areas where most of the land was
held by large planters. These small farmers, by selling them surpuls food, “supported” the
plantations. Planters would buy foof from these small farmers to prevent the yeomen from
becoming dependent and destabilizing their society’s delicate ecology. Compared with the
second group of yeomen, the upcountry yeomen, these yeomen were in the minority.

10. 3. UPCOUNTRY YEOMEN
The group of people from the upcountry yeomen. These men are also small farmers
who are non-slaveholders but they live more on Appalachia and away from the South
plantation. These farmers are isolated and live a lot in the eighteebth-century way farmers did.
They were able to live the same kind of lives that northern farmers were no longer able to live.
These men supported slavery because they did not want to see the same kind of “decay”
happening in the South as in the North. The way they had lived them for so many years, they
wanted to continue living their lives.
Slavery was protected by the yeomen as it upheld the system that allowed them to live
the way they wanted to live. They did this by helping return escaped slaves, electing their
elected officials, and trying to keep the slavery issue out of politics. They believed that, as they
saw happening in the North, they were better off with a slavery system than a wage-slavery
system.

11. Slaves firmly oppose that it is against reason. According to them, slavery in all
situations can never be rational. The contention of the slaves that slavery is a violation of
their basic rights considering that they are still human and slavery is always wrong. Over the
years, in the larger society of the South, these people held in bondage created their own
culture and society. This is unique among all the slaveholding nations: the slaves developed
their own culture only in the American South. Family ties also helped build a culture in the
South among slaves. The introduction of Christianity to the slaves was another factor. Most of
them became Christians and converted. In the book of Exodus, the slaves identified the
Israelites very much and their escape from servitude. Their conversion also reinforced their
belief that morally wrong was slavery.
Southern society had no desire or ability to undergo an industrial revolution like the
one in the North. Their economy was based on the slavery system, which due to the large
debts it would produce was not conducive to industrialization. Besides, no white man was
willing to give up his republican citizenship in a factory to become a wage slave. If that were
to happen, the South's ingrained belief that white means independent and black means
dependent would be completely undermined. Whites in the South did not want to destabilize
their society, so they went on as they had before the American system and lived on slavery.

12. THE EXISTENCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OUT CASTED SLAVERY
Due to the offered American System, it gave them no happiness, many small
workingman's political parties arose. There was also the existence of the Democratic Party and
with it the Second Party System. Martin Van Buren conceived the system, believing that not
enough people would benefit from the American system to justify. their continued existence.
Van Buren thought that the most important. economic issues in government were; it was
necessary to keep slavery out of it. From the conflicts of 1819, the focus on economic issues
and not slavery came. The U.S. fell into a terrible economic depression during that year, as well
as a conflict over slavery. The nation was nearly torn apart by Missouri's admission as a slave
state, but it reached a compromise. Afterwards, rather than society, there was an unspoken
concentration on the economy.
When this political party exists, the Democratic Party, the American System being
opposed and it starts to unify people, keep slavery out of politics, and bring power back to the
state level. Unlike the ideology of the National Republican, some power remains at the
national level. However, until the election of 1828, when their candidate, Andrew Jackson,
won the election, the Democratic Party was out in the cold and was now able to further the
party's beliefs.

13. The Democratic Party focused on the rights of the state that have more control over the
local than the higher power levels. An example of this was Jackson's refusal to enforce a ruling of
the Supreme Court overturning a decision on the Cherokee Indians in the state of Georgia
leading to the infamous Trail of Tears. He believed the Cherokee issue had to be dealt with at the
state level and the Supreme Court had no right to make a ruling. Many National Republicans
disagreed with Jackson's actions. They started calling him "King Andrew" when he was re-elected
for a second term because it seemed he was turning into a despotic leader who was centralizing
power without any intention of leaving office.
Many of the laws of the Democratic Party were controversial. The issue of nullification
arose when a protective tariff was passed which was seen as a threat to slavery. South Carolina
did not want the tariff to be enforced, so they said they could choose to nullify the law. The other
states would have to vote on whether or not they thought the tariff was good and ought to be
enforced and if they decided it ought to be enforced, South Carolina would have to enforce the
tariff or leave the Union. Only a compromise conceived by Henry Clay prevented this from
becoming more of a crisis, Clay suggested a gradual reduction of the tariff to non-protective
levels. The Force Bill was passed in response to this crisis, enabling the executive to use federal
troops to enforce laws.

14. Jackson abolished the Bank of the United States and passed the Specie Circular during
his second term in office. Federal funds went to banks with denominational notes in excess of
$20. The Specie Circular was intended to stop prospecting in the west, allowing small farmers to
obtain the land they needed. It stated that if you were buying over 80 acres of land, you would
have to pay in specie gold or silver unless you were buying less than 80 acres of land, you could
not pay in bank notes.
It was these and more things that later led the National Republicans to call the Whigs to
unite against Jackson and the Democrats within the populace. They gained great ground when
the 1837 panic hit while the United States president was Martin Van Buren, Jackson's vice
president. The Whigs won the presidency in 1840, using many of the Democrats' pioneering
techniques. Six months before he died, William Henry Harrison took office.
The system of the Second Party was designed to create two parties in which people
could agree with each other. The parties' opposing beliefs united people across the nation
under a banner of either Whig or Democrat, both in the North and South. Economics has been
the hub of politics. Later, under the stress of changing and conflicting beliefs, the system would
disintegrate, but during this period it grew and held, becoming the dream system of Van Buren.

15. GROUP 5 CHAPTER 8
NANIONG, DANICA
MACAS, NICOLE
VINALON, JANAH T.
TAMPARONG, ARLYN
DUHAYLONGSOD, JOHN PAUL