1) George Washington was sworn in as the first US President in 1789. His cabinet established the executive departments and he signed the Bill of Rights into law. 2) Political parties began emerging in the 1790s as Federalists led by Hamilton and Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson disagreed on economic and foreign policy issues. 3) As president from 1797-1801, John Adams enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts to crack down on French immigrants, angering Democratic-Republicans. His reluctance to go to war with France helped Thomas Jefferson defeat him in the 1800 election.

1. U.S. Chapter 8A New Nation1789-1800

2. Questions to ConsiderWhy do you think the US stayed neutral in regards to the war between England and France?Do you think the development of political parties was necessary? Explain.How did President John Adams reluctance to go to war with France help Thomas Jefferson win the presidential election of 1800?

3. The First PresidentSection 8.1

4. 8.1 Timeline (1789-1792)

5. President WashingtonGeorge Washington becomes first presidentJohn Adams first vice-presidentInauguration- sworn into officeSet precedents- traditionsAddressed as Mr. PresidentTwo terms in officeAdded “so help me God” to oath

6. President WashingtonWashington’s CabinetState Department: relations with other nationsTreasury Department: financial mattersWar Department: nation’s defenseAttorney General: legal department

7. Washington’s Cabinet

8. The First CongressJudiciary Act of 1789Establishes federal court systemFederal courts overturn state lawsSupreme court the final authority13 district courts 3 circuit courts 1 supreme court John Jay: 1st Chief Justice

9. The First CongressThe Bill of Rights1st ten amendmentsGuarantees and protects personal libertiesEnsure States Rights (10th amendment)Madison studied hundreds of proposals, broke down to 12States ratified 10; added in December, 1791

10. Financial ProblemsNational Debt High (amount we owed)Alexander Hamilton’s PlanPay debt to foreign nations and citizensWould increase their stake in the new nationPayback bonds bought during the war at face valueOpposition to the PlanSpeculators, risk money to make moreBought bonds cheapShould not be paid in full

11. Financial ProblemsCompromise, Washington DC in the SouthSoutherners support payment of debtBuilding the Economy (Hamilton’s Plan)National bank createdProtective tariff, tax on importsProtect American goods and industryLow tariffs, raised 90% of government’s incomeCreation of new taxes (whiskey)

12. Early ChallengesSection 8.2

13. 8.2 Timeline (1790-1796)

14. The Whiskey RebellionJuly 1794500 protested, attacked tax collectors, western PAWashington led 13,000 troopsQuickly put downLaws had to be changed peacefully, following the Constitution

15. Struggle Over the WestSpanish, English, Indian problemsNative Americans did not recognize US claimsAmerican settlers continued to move into area, threatening Native American settlementsFighting broke outAmerican troops defeated by Little Turtle in November 1791Many Americans wanted an alliance with France

16. Struggle Over the WestWashington sends John Jay to halt possible war with BritainGeneral Anthony Wayne wins Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 1794)Delayed attackIndians weakened by tradition of fastingTreaty of Greenville12 Indian nations signOpens Ohio to settlement

17. The French RevolutionIn 1789 French rebelled against Louis XVIInitially supported by AmericaViolence escalates in 1793 Rebellion kills King and QueenThousands of civilians killed, less supportEngland and France at war 1793Washington proclaims neutrality (April 22, 1793)No French or British war ships allowedBritish impressment, American merchant sailors forced into British Navy

18. The French RevolutionA Controversial TreatyJay’s TreatyBritish pull out of westPay damages to shipsAllows trade with CarribeanConsidered dishonorable by someDid not address impressment and blocked tradeSuccess with SpainPinckney’s TreatyUnrestricted access to the Mississippi River No more forts

19. Washington’s FarewellAnnounces he would not serve a third term in 1796Establishes precedentFarewell address warned against evils of political parties and foreign affairsStill read aloud to this day on his birthday

20. The First Political PartiesSection 8.3

21. Opposing ViewsWashington, parties would divide the nationHamilton and Jefferson disagree on economics, foreign relations, power of federal governmentPartisan, favoring one sideFederalist party (supports Constitution)Democratic-Republicans (opposed Hamilton’s views)

22. Opposing Views

23. Opposing Views1793, Jefferson and Hamilton resign from Washington’s cabinetElection of 1796Candidates run under partiesCaucus: members of a party choose candidatesFederalists nominate John AdamsRepublican-Democrats nominate Thomas JeffersonAdams wins electoral college (71 votes)Jefferson, 2nd place, named vice president

24. President John AdamsSection 8.4

25. 8.4 Timeline (1797-1800)

26. The XYZ Affair

27. Alien and Sedition ActsSuspicion of aliens’ loyalty grewFrench immigrants supported Republican partyWould they support France or US?Federalists pass Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Sedition: acts to weaken a governmentAlien ActSedition ActNaturalization Act

28. States’ RightsMany feared strong government abusing its powerRepublicans regarded it as a Federalist tyrannyVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798, 1799)People’s LawTyranny100%Anarchy0%

29. Peace With FranceAdams (Federalist) sought peaceFederalists opposed, wanted war with FrancePeace achieved with FranceFederalist party split leads to Jefferson’s (Republican) victory in 1800 election

30. Questions to ConsiderWhy do you think the US stayed neutral in regards to the war between England and France?Do you think the development of political parties was necessary? Explain.How did President John Adams reluctance to go to war with France help Thomas Jefferson win the presidential election of 1800?