The document provides an overview of the motives and means of European exploration and expansion in the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the 3 G's that drove exploration - God, Gold, and Glory. Portugal was an early leader in sailing eastward to India for the spice trade. Spain sailed westward seeking routes to Asia and settled in the Americas seeking gold, agriculture, and to convert natives to Catholicism. England's involvement grew due to strategic interests and the availability of colonists following the Protestant Reformation. Jamestown established England's first successful colony in North America in 1607. Puritans established the Plymouth colony in 1620 seeking religious tolerance. The economies of the colonies varied by region, with the Southern

1. God, Gold, & Glory An Introduction to European Exploration & Expansion

2. Motives The 3 G’s God religious fervor convert natives Gold expand trade - esp. spices & precious metals profit Glory adventure power national pride

3. Means Mid-1400s European monarchs had MORE: Power Resources Advanced technology Pair/Share: Based on our last unit, why do you think the above is true?

4. Portugal Early leader Sailed eastward --> India (spice trade)

5. The Portuguese Motives:Set up trading posts for purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coast Extent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498) Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)

6. Vasco da Gama Cape of Good Hope Secured control of spice trade Took from Muslims HUGE $$$

7. Prince Henry the Navigator Instrumental Patronage led to major technological advances

8. Spain Sailed westward Seeking route --> Asia Spain Portugal

9. The Spanish Motives:Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (“Indians”) to Catholicism Extent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)

10. Christopher Columbus Earth not so big Queen Isabella 4 voyages - all end up in the Caribbean

11. Ferdinand Magellan 1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe (sort of)

12. Spain in the Americas Conquistadors - the Spanish conquerors of the Americas Gifts from Spain

13. Encomienda System Aztec & Inca civilizations destroyed Spanish control Subjects of Queen Encomienda - the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers Protection - required but not followed

14. Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas Europe --> Americas Horses, cattle, & wheat Americas --> Europe Potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, & tobacco Transformed economic activity

15. New Spain Treaty of Tordesillas gave much of New World to Spain Intermarried with natives (mestizos) Spanish language & culture blended in Spanish encomienda system Only Catholics could settle in colonies Strict control over colonies (no self-government) Colonial merchants could trade only with Spain (mercantilism)

16. European Rivals Dutch French British

17. The Dutch Motives:Fur trade (Dutch West India Co.) Extent: New Netherland, Hudson R., New Amsterdam (NYC), Manhattan, Long Island, NJ, New Sweden (DE)

18. New Holland Patroonships (land given for transporting 50 people to colony) given Fairly open to non-Dutch immigrants Limited population growth

19. The French Motives:Fish in Newfoundland; Fur trade with Indians; Convert “Indians” to Catholicism Extent: Fur-trading posts and settlements (Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)

20. New France Few settlers No gold and silver Restricted immigration to Catholics Little interest in farming Strict rule from Old France

21. For Next Time… Be sure to review Chapter 3 Start reading “Serving Time In Virginia” Focus: English Exploration & Protestant Reformation Review

22. England & Exploration

23. Bell Ringer Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church (a.k.a. the “Church of England”)?

24. Religious Reform in Europe Began with… Martin Luther (Protestant/Lutherans) Wittenberg, Germany 1517 – 95 Theses John Calvin (Calvinists/Huguenots) Geneva, Switzerland The “elect” & predestination

25. Henry VIII (1509-1547) Broke with Pope and Catholic church Brought Protestant Reformation to England (Anglican Church) Added to tensions between Catholic Spain and England (Why?) Edward VI followed (1547-1553) - Protestant Mary (1553-1558) - daughter of Catherine (devout Catholic, mostly insane – nickname??)

27. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Encouraged “sea dog” voyages (Sir Francis Drake) 1588 - Spanish Armada (Philip II) defeated “Protestant Wind” English naval strength opens up trans-Atlantic trading Rising merchant class invest in joint-stock companies

28. Early English Failures Sir Walter Raleigh One time favorite of Elizabeth I Named Virginia after Elizabeth The Lost Colony (1587) Raleigh’s Virginia settlement on Roanoke Island Vanished…

29. The English With the support of strong monarchs, a growing merchant class, and capital from English investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America The first successful settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

30. Reasons for English Success Strategic/Diplomatic Island nation with large navy Availability of colonists Large standing army unnecessary “Surplus population” from enclosure movement Colonies suitable place for “undesirables” Renaissance Golden Age of English Lit.  Curiosity about unknown

31. A New King King James I (Scottish & a Stuart) Nephew of Elizabeth I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) Chartered Virginia Companies (London & Plymouth)

32. Jamestown (1607) Early difficulties for gold-hungry colonists “the starving time” CaptainJohn Smith “He who shall not work shall not eat” Chief Powhatan established “shaky peace” with colonists John Rolfe planted tobacco as cash crop James I - “filthy weed”

33. Early Virginia Society & Gov’t Tobacco Land-intensive crop Strained relations with Natives 2. Settlers 60% arrived indentured Headrights of fifty acres to those who bought a company share and transported themselves 1635: 1 Female for every 6 males in the colony

34. Early Virginia (cont.) 3. Slavery Developed later in the colony 4. Government 1619: First General Assembly of VA met in Jamestown 1624: Became a royal colony (charter revoked) 5. VA Company Charter Gave settlers the same rights of Englishmen at home

35. More Reformation in England? Puritans Anglican church too similar to Catholicism Felt that the Anglican church needed to be “purified” of all Catholic practices Separatists Wished to break away from Anglican church altogether

36. Problems Puritan/Separatist ideals = direct threat to James I Why? As a result, Puritans were persecuted

37. Seeking Tolerance 1608: Separatists sought religious tolerance in Holland 1620:Chartered by Virginia Company, Mayflower landed at Cape Cod out of VA Co. limits No legal right to land or to establish a gov’t (squatters) Less than 1/2 were Separatists Established Mayflower Compact First winter - disease and death killed over 1/2 the population

38. Signing the Mayflower Compact

39. Puritans at Plymouth Fall 1621 Squanto (Pokanoket In.): Advisor/interpreter for Pilgrims and Indians Wm. Bradford: Governor of Plymouth Colony Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation

40. Puritans at Plymouth (cont.) Political Decisions Town meetings elected assemblies (later) 1691: Merged with Mass. Bay colony

41. Activity Three Groups It is the 17th C. You have moved with a small group of men, women, and children to a region thousands of miles from your original home. You have little with you, only rudimentary tools…

42. Agriculture Throughout the colonial period, over 90% of the economy was agriculture Most early settlers engaged in subsistence farming and the pattern extended to the frontier

43. New England Farming difficult Harsh climate, rocky soil Land usually granted to a group (congregation) Towns subdivided it among families

44. New England (cont.) 3. Profitable fishing industry Whaling (oil for lighting) 4. Shipbuilding/Commerce 5. Small-scale manufacturing Discouraged by Britain

45. Middle Colonies 1. Blended economies of the other 2 regions 2. Colonial “bread basket” Climate and soil produced grain surplus 3. River systems and ports (Phila./NYC) Access to back country and overseas commerce 4. Merchants and artisans abound

46. Southern Colonies Favorable climate and abundant land Plantation system develops 2. Staple crops often grown on large estates VA - tobacco SC - rice

47. Southern (cont.) 3. 50-acre “headrights” to settlers pay passage of a laborer - receive 50 acres 4. Farms scattered / Less urban development

48. The Frontier: 1. Opportunities for venturesome individuals2. Conditions harsh on isolated farms3. Beyond reach of govt. authority Frontier

49. In Review… The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to Religious spirit of the settlers. Management of the Virginia Company. Development of a tobacco industry. Location of the settlement. Nobles’ diligent search for gold.

50. 2. Unlike Separatists, Puritans Advocated strict separation of church and state. Practiced passive resistance to oppression. Remained members of the Church of England. Held Calvinistic beliefs. Believed in the pre-destination of the “elect”.

51. 3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to Establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America. Create a refuge for Catholics. Assist the Protestants in the British colonies. Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to various noblemen from England. Provide a safe haven for debtors and indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.

52. 4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) Maryland A, C, B, D B, D, C, A C, D, B, A D, C, B, A C, B, D, A

53. 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation? The problem of defending against Indian attacks. Conflicts over colonial boundaries. Concern about runaway servants. Neglect by the English government. A desire to suppress religious dissent.

54. For Next Time… Read “Serving Time in Virginia” and answer questions on accompanying page