The document provides an overview of the motives and means of European exploration and expansion in the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the 3 G's that drove exploration - God, Gold, and Glory. Portugal was an early leader in sailing eastward to India for the spice trade. Spain sailed westward seeking routes to Asia and settled in the Americas seeking gold, agriculture, and to convert natives to Catholicism. England's involvement grew due to strategic interests and the availability of colonists following the Protestant Reformation. Jamestown established England's first successful colony in North America in 1607. Puritans established the Plymouth colony in 1620 seeking religious tolerance. The economies of the colonies varied by region, with the Southern

1. God, Gold, & GloryAn Introduction to European Exploration & Expansion

2. MotivesThe 3 G’sGodreligious fervor convert nativesGoldexpand trade - esp. spices & precious metalsprofitGloryadventurepowernational pride

3. MeansMid-1400sEuropean monarchs had MORE:PowerResourcesAdvanced technologyPair/Share: Based on our last unit, why do you think the above is true?

4. PortugalEarly leaderSailed eastward--> India (spice trade)

5. The PortugueseMotives:Set up trading posts for purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coastExtent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498)Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)

6. Vasco da GamaCape of Good HopeSecured control of spice tradeTook from MuslimsHUGE $$$

7. Prince Henry the NavigatorInstrumental Patronage led to major technological advances

8. SpainSailed westwardSeeking route --> AsiaSpainPortugal

9. The SpanishMotives:Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (“Indians”) to CatholicismExtent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S. (FL, NM, AZ, CA)

10. Christopher ColumbusEarth not so bigQueen Isabella 4 voyages - all end up in the Caribbean

11. Ferdinand Magellan1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe (sort of)

12. Spain in the AmericasConquistadors - the Spanish conquerors of the AmericasGifts from Spain

13. Encomienda SystemAztec & Inca civilizations destroyedSpanish controlSubjects of Queen Encomienda - the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborersProtection - required but not followed

14. Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the AmericasEurope --> AmericasHorses, cattle, & wheatAmericas --> EuropePotatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, & tobaccoTransformed economic activity

15. New SpainTreaty of Tordesillas gave much of New World to SpainIntermarried with natives (mestizos)Spanish language & culture blended inSpanish encomienda systemOnly Catholics could settle in coloniesStrict control over colonies (no self-government)Colonial merchants could trade only with Spain (mercantilism)

16. European RivalsDutchFrenchBritish

17. The DutchMotives:Fur trade (Dutch West India Co.)Extent: New Netherland, Hudson R., New Amsterdam (NYC), Manhattan, Long Island, NJ, New Sweden (DE)

18. New HollandPatroonships (land given for transporting 50 people to colony) givenFairly open to non-Dutch immigrantsLimited population growth

19. The FrenchMotives:Fish in Newfoundland; Fur trade with Indians; Convert “Indians” to CatholicismExtent: Fur-trading posts and settlements (Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans)

20. New FranceFew settlers No gold and silver Restricted immigration to CatholicsLittle interest in farming Strict rule from Old France

21. For Next Time…Be sure to review Chapter 3Start reading “Serving Time In Virginia”Focus: English Exploration & Protestant Reformation Review

22. England & Exploration

23. Bell RingerWhy did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church (a.k.a. the “Church of England”)?

24. Religious Reform in EuropeBegan with…Martin Luther (Protestant/Lutherans)Wittenberg, Germany1517 – 95 ThesesJohn Calvin (Calvinists/Huguenots)Geneva, SwitzerlandThe “elect” & predestination

25. Henry VIII (1509-1547)Broke with Pope and Catholic churchBrought Protestant Reformation to England (Anglican Church)Added to tensions between Catholic Spain and England (Why?)Edward VI followed (1547-1553) - ProtestantMary (1553-1558) - daughter of Catherine (devout Catholic, mostly insane – nickname??)

27. Elizabeth IDaughter of Henry VIII and Anne BoleynEncouraged “sea dog” voyages (Sir Francis Drake)1588 - Spanish Armada (Philip II) defeated“Protestant Wind”English naval strength opens up trans-Atlantic tradingRising merchant class invest in joint-stock companies

28. Early English FailuresSir Walter RaleighOne time favorite of Elizabeth INamed Virginia after ElizabethThe Lost Colony (1587)Raleigh’s Virginia settlement on Roanoke IslandVanished…

29. The EnglishWith the support of strong monarchs, a growing merchant class, and capital from English investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North AmericaThe first successful settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

30. Reasons for English SuccessStrategic/DiplomaticIsland nation with large navyAvailability of colonistsLarge standing army unnecessary“Surplus population” from enclosure movementColonies suitable place for “undesirables”RenaissanceGolden Age of English Lit.  Curiosity about unknown

31. A New KingKing James I (Scottish & a Stuart)Nephew of Elizabeth I (son of Mary Queen of Scots)Chartered Virginia Companies (London & Plymouth)

32. Jamestown (1607)Early difficulties for gold-hungry colonists “the starving time” CaptainJohn Smith “He who shall not work shall not eat”Chief Powhatan established “shaky peace” with colonistsJohn Rolfe planted tobacco as cash crop James I - “filthy weed”

33. Early Virginia Society & Gov’tTobaccoLand-intensive cropStrained relations with Natives2. Settlers60% arrived indenturedHeadrights of fifty acres to those who bought a company share and transported themselves1635: 1 Female for every 6 males in the colony

34. Early Virginia (cont.)3. SlaveryDeveloped later in the colony4. Government1619: First General Assembly of VA met in Jamestown1624: Became a royal colony (charter revoked)5. VA Company CharterGave settlers the same rights of Englishmen at home

35. More Reformation in England?PuritansAnglican church too similar to CatholicismFelt that the Anglican church needed to be “purified” of all Catholic practices SeparatistsWished to break away from Anglican church altogether

36. ProblemsPuritan/Separatist ideals = direct threat to James IWhy?As a result, Puritans were persecuted

37. Seeking Tolerance1608: Separatists sought religious tolerance in Holland1620:Chartered by Virginia Company, Mayflower landed at Cape Codout of VA Co. limitsNo legal right to land or to establish a gov’t (squatters)Less than 1/2 were SeparatistsEstablished Mayflower CompactFirst winter - disease and death killed over 1/2 the population

38. Signing the Mayflower Compact

39. Puritans at PlymouthFall 1621Squanto (Pokanoket In.): Advisor/interpreter for Pilgrims and IndiansWm. Bradford:Governor of Plymouth ColonyWrote Of Plymouth Plantation

40. Puritans at Plymouth (cont.)Political DecisionsTown meetingselected assemblies (later)1691: Merged with Mass. Bay colony

41. ActivityThree GroupsIt is the 17th C. You have moved with a small group of men, women, and children to a region thousands of miles from your original home. You have little with you, only rudimentary tools…

42. AgricultureThroughout the colonial period, over 90% of the economy was agricultureMost early settlers engaged in subsistence farming and the pattern extended to the frontier

43. New EnglandFarming difficultHarsh climate, rocky soil Land usually granted to a group (congregation)Towns subdivided it among families

44. New England (cont.)3. Profitable fishing industryWhaling (oil for lighting)4. Shipbuilding/Commerce5. Small-scale manufacturingDiscouraged by Britain

45. Middle Colonies1. Blended economies of the other 2 regions2. Colonial “bread basket”Climate and soil produced grain surplus3. River systems and ports (Phila./NYC)Access to back country and overseas commerce4. Merchants and artisans abound

46. Southern ColoniesFavorable climate and abundant landPlantation system develops2. Staple crops often grown on large estatesVA - tobaccoSC - rice

47. Southern (cont.)3. 50-acre “headrights” to settlers pay passage of a laborer - receive 50 acres4. Farms scattered / Less urban development

48. The Frontier: 1. Opportunities for venturesome individuals2. Conditions harsh on isolated farms3. Beyond reach of govt. authorityFrontier

49. In Review…The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed toReligious spirit of the settlers.Management of the Virginia Company.Development of a tobacco industry.Location of the settlement.Nobles’ diligent search for gold.

50. 2. Unlike Separatists, PuritansAdvocated strict separation of church and state.Practiced passive resistance to oppression.Remained members of the Church of England.Held Calvinistic beliefs.Believed in the pre-destination of the “elect”.

51. 3. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was toEstablish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in America.Create a refuge for Catholics.Assist the Protestants in the British colonies.Allow Lord Baltimore to distribute lands to various noblemen from England.Provide a safe haven for debtors and indentured servants fleeing the Virginia colony.

52. 4. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of A) Georgia, B) The Carolinas, C) Virginia, D) MarylandA, C, B, DB, D, C, AC, D, B, AD, C, B, AC, B, D, A

53. 5. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation?The problem of defending against Indian attacks.Conflicts over colonial boundaries.Concern about runaway servants.Neglect by the English government.A desire to suppress religious dissent.

54. For Next Time…Read “Serving Time in Virginia” and answer questions on accompanying page