This document provides an overview of the industrialization of the North and the development of the Southern cotton kingdom between 1820-1860. It discusses the growth of factories, transportation infrastructure like canals and railroads, new technologies like the telegraph, immigration to the North, and the rise of slavery and cotton plantations in the South driven by Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin. Life for both free and enslaved people is also summarized.

1. US
HIS
TOR
Y
Chapte
r 14
North
and
South
1820-

2. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North
 Industrialization
 New England
remained the
industrial center of
the nation
 Elias Howe (1846) –
invented the sewing
machine...greatly
impacted the textile
industry

3. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North
 Transportation
 Canals and
steamboats were still
being improved
 Clipper ships – new
sailing ships
developed in
1840s...cut the time
from US to GB in half

4. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North
 Transportation
 Peter Cooper (1830) –
built the first American
steam locomotive called
the Tom Thumb
 Railways were growing
very fast (especially in
the north)
 1840 – 3,000 miles
 1850 – 9,000 miles
 1860 – 30,000 miles

5. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North
 Communication
 Samuel Morse
 Developed the
telegraph...first message
sent b/w Washington, DC &
Baltimore in 1844
 Also developed Morse Code
– a communication system
for the telegraph that uses
dots & dashes to represent
letters
 By 1852, there were about
23,000 miles of telegraph
wire in the US

6. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North
 Agriculture
 John Deere –
developed the first
steel-tipped plow in
1837
 Cyrus McCormick –
developed the
mechanical reaper

7. North
 Factory Conditions
 Long work days and unsafe machinery led to on-the-
job accidents
 No laws existed to protect workers
 Attempts to Organize
 Workers began to form labor unions
 Unions used strikes to put pressure on employers to
improve conditions
 Women were usually not allowed to join unions so they
sometimes tried to form their own...these were usually
ignored by management/government

8. North
 Immigration
 Immigration increased
dramatically b/w 1840-1860
 Largest group was from
Ireland – came b/c of the
Irish Potato Famine
 Second largest group was
from Germany...many of
these moved to the Midwest
 German immigrants were
mostly Catholic...faced
prejudice from many people

9. North
 Nativists
 Some Americans
didn’t like the
impact/change
immigrants were
having on the US
 Nativists – people
opposed to
immigration

10. North
 Nativists
 Believed that
immigrants were
taking jobs away
from Americans,
were angry that
immigrants would
work for lower
wages, and felt that
immigrants were
bringing crime &
disease to the US

11. North
 Nativists
 Eventually formed
the American Party
(“Know-Nothing
Party”...when asked
about their party’s
activities, they
replied “I know
nothing”)...wanted
stricter citizenship
laws and were anti-
immigration

12. Lesson 3 – Southern
Cotton Kingdom
 Cotton Production
 Pre-Revolution – main
crops in the South were
rice, indigo, & tobacco
 Post-Revolution – main
crop was cotton...textile
mills wanted it for fabric
 Cotton wasn’t very
profitable...took time to
separate seeds from the
cotton fibers

13. Lesson 3 – Southern
Cotton Kingdom
 Cotton Production
 Cotton Gin – invented
by Eli Whitney in
1793...first machine to
separate
seeds...enabled workers
to clean 50x more
cotton per day...caused
plantations to grow in
size and number of
slaves

14. Lesson 3 – Southern
Cotton Kingdom
 Southern Industry
 Not much industry
developed due to
agricultural success and
rural population
 Some politicians tried to
develop industry and
some did develop but it
was not common

15. Lesson 3 – Southern
Cotton Kingdom
 Southern Transportation
 Natural waterways were
used and most cities
were located on the
coast or on rivers
 Few canals existed and
roads were poor
 Few railroads as well...by
1860, the South had
about 1/3 of the railroad
miles of the North

16. Lesson 4 – People of the South
 Small Farmers
 Yeomen – farmers who did
not have slaves...largest
group of whites in the
south...most owned 50-200
acres
 Tenant Farmers – didn’t own
their own land...rented land
or worked on landlord’s
estates
 Rural Poor – lived in cabins in
wooded areas...proud of
being self-sufficient

17. Lesson 4 – People of the South
 Plantations
 Large farms containing
thousands of acres
 Most slaveholders had
fewer than 10
slaves...only 4% of
slaveowners had more
than 20 slaves
 Cotton - #1 crop
 Overseer – slave
supervisor

18. Lesson 4 – People of the South
 Slave Life
 Constant fear of being split from
family
 Spiritual – religious folk
songs...many of these contained
hidden messages regarding the
Underground Railroad
 Slave codes – laws that controlled
slaves...main purpose was to
prevent slave rebellions
 Nat Turner – led a slave revolt in
VA (1831)...killed 55 whites before
being captured & killed

19. Lesson 4 – People of the South
 Underground Railroad
 Secret network of safe
houses & people that
helped slaves escape
out of the South
 Harriet Tubman – one
of the most successful
“conducters” on the
Underground
Railroad...nicknamed
“Moses”