Urinary tract infections are commonly caused by bacteria ascending from the urethra. Cystitis involves the bladder and symptoms include dysuria. Pyelonephritis extends to the kidneys and causes fever and flank pain. Prostatitis infects the prostate and causes irritable bladder symptoms. Various treatments include antibiotics depending on the type and severity of infection. Neoplasms of the urinary tract like prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and renal cell carcinoma can also cause urinary symptoms and are diagnosed and treated based on staging.

1. Pete A. Gutierrez MD, MMS, PA-C Miami Dade College June 2009