The document provides an overview of the renal (kidney) system including its anatomy and physiology. It describes the key parts of the renal system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, and its components. Finally, it covers several conditions that can affect the renal system including benign prostatic hyperplasia, pyelonephritis, and cystitis.

1. RENAL SYSTEM

3. Parts of the Kidney

33. Medical Management: Antispasmodics These prescription-only medicines help decrease the muscle spasms that cause urgency to urinate. Painkillers Pain-relieving drugs help treat symptoms of burning and urgency. They may be available over-the-counter (often called OTC drugs) or by prescription only . Cystitis is almost always treated with medication. These medications include: • O ral antibiotics • P ainkillers • A ntispasmodics Oral Antibiotics Oral antibiotics are the most common medications used to treat cystitis. They kill the bacteria that are causing the infection.