This ppt discuss about the characteristics of the various types of the joint including fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint.

1. COLLEGE OF ALLIED
HEALTH AND SCIENCE
JOINTS AND ITS
CLASSIFICATIONS
By: Hermizan Halihanafiah

2. Joints
What is Joint?
• Point of contact between
two bones, between
bone and cartilage or
between bone and teeth.
• Also called articulation
or arthrosis
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3. Structural Classification of Joint
• Based on presence or absence the
synovial cavity and types of connective
tissues that hold the two bones:
– Fibrous joint
– Cartilaginous joint
– Synovial joint
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4. Fibrous Joint
• No synovial cavity
• Hold by dense irregular connective
tissues, rich in collagen fiber
• Fixed joint, immovable joint
(synarthrosis)
• 3 types; sutures, syndesmoses,
interosseous membranes.
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5. Suture Interosseous Membrane
Dentoalveolar
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6. Syndesmosis Joint
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7. Cartilaginous Joint
• Lack of synovial cavity
• Allows little movements (partially movable)
(ampiarthrosis) or immovable joint
(synarthrosis)
• Articulating bones tightly connected with the
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
• Two types; synchondroses and symphyses #

8. Synchondroses
•Connecting meterials
between 2 articulating bones
is a hyaline cartilage
•Immovable joint
(synarthrosis)
•Exp: 1st stercostal joint,
epiphyseal plate
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9. Synchondroses
•Epiphyseal plate is one
type of the
synchondrosis joint.
•Immovable joint
(synarthrosis)
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10. Symphyses
• Connecting materials
between 2 articulating
bones is fibrocartilage.
• Partially movable joint
(ampiarthrosis)
• Examples: sternal angle of
sternum, pubic symphysis,
intervertebral joint,
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11. Symphyses
•Intervertebral joint is a
one type of the
symphysis joint.
•Joint between body of
vertebra bones.
•Body of vertebra
connect each other by
intervertebral disc
(fibrocartilage)
•Partially movable
(ampiarthrosis)
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12. Symphyses
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13. Synovial Joints
• Presence of synovial cavity between articulating
bones
• Freely movable joint (diarthrosis)
• Bones at a synovial joint are covered by a hyaline
cartilage called articular cartilage
• Divide into 6 types, ball and socket, planar (gliding),
condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot joint.
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14. Structure of Synovial Joint
Articular capsule
• Surrounds a synovial joint
• Composed 2 layers, outer fibrous membrane and
inner synovial membrane
• Fibrous membrane connect periosteum between 2
articulating bones.
• Fibrous membrane give flexibility and strengthen the
synovial joint
• Synovial membrane produce synovial fluid that avoid
friction between articulating boned during
movements.
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15. Articular Capsule
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16. Articular Cartilage
Articular Cartilage
• Covered the articulating
surface of the bones with a
smooth, slippery surface.
• Reduce friction between
bones during movement
and assist to absorb
shock.
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17. Synovial Fluid
• Secrete by synovial membrane
• Viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid
• Function:
• Reducing friction by lubricating the joint
• Absorbing shock
• Supply O2 & nutrient to and removing CO2 and waste
product from the chondrocyte.
• Contain phagocyte – remove microbe and debris
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18. Accessory Structure
Extracapsular Structure
• Ligament that lies outside the capsule
• Example : fibular collateral & tibial collateral
ligaments at the knee joint, Patella ligament lie at the
surface of patella etc
• Some joint strengthen by group of muscles. For
examples rotator cuff muscles (SITS) strengthen the
shoulder joint.
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19. Struktur Extracapsular
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20. Rotator Cuff Muscles
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21. Intracapsular Structure
• Structure within the articular capsule
• For examples anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments at knee joint
• Inside some synovial joint, such as knee, pads of
fibrocartilage disc lie between articular surface of the
bone.
• These pads are known as articular disc or menisci.
• All these structure provide stabilization of the joint.
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22. Struktur Intracapsular
Anterior Cruciate
Ligament Posterior Cruciate
Ligament
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23. Struktur Intracapsular
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Posterior View Knee Joint

24. Struktur Intracapsular
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25. Bursae and Tendon Sheath
Bursae
• Saclike structure, filled
with synovial fluid
• Strategically situated to
alleviate friction in some
joint (knee and shoulder)
• Acts as a cushion and
protect the articulating
bones from friction. #

26. Bursae and Tendon Sheath
Tendon (Synovial) sheath
• Tubelike bursae that wrap certain tendon that
considerably friction.
• Reduce friction during movement
• For examples tendon of biceps brachii that
pass through the synovial cavity.
• Also found at wrist and ankle
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27. Movement of Synovial Joint
Angular Movement
• Increase or decrease in the angle or
articulating bones.
• Flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
hyperextension, abduction and adduction.
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28. Flexion & Extension
Flexion
• Movement that decrease in the angle between
articulating bones.
Extension
• Movements that increase in the angle between
articulating bones.
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29. Figure 9.12a
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30. Hyperextension
• Continuation of
extension beyond
the anatomical
position.
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31. Lateral Flexion
• Movements of the
trunk sideways to
the right or left at
the waist.
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32. Figure 9.12b
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33. #

34. Figure 9.12d
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35. Abduction
• Movement of the
body away from
the midline
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36. Adduction
• Movement of the
bone toward
midline
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37. Circumduction
• Movement of the
distal end of the
body part in circle.
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38. #

39. Rotation
• A bone revolves around its own
longitudinal axis
• Two types of rotation; Medial rotation
and Lateral rotation
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40. Medial rotation
• Anterior surface
of the bone of the
limb is turned
toward midline
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41. Lateral Rotation
• Anterior surface
of the bone of a
limb is turned
away from the
midline.
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42. Special Movements
• Elevation
• Depression
• Protraction
• Retraction
• Inversion
• Eversion
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43. Special Movements
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion
• Supination
• Pronation
• Opposition
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44. Elevation
• Upward
movement of a
part of the body
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45. Depression
• Downward
movement of a
part of the body
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46. Protraction
• Movements of
apart of the body
anteriorly in the
transverse line.
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47. Retraction
• Movement of a
protracted part
of the body back
to the
anatomical
position.
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48. Figure 9.15
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49. Inversion
• Movements of the
soles medially at
the intertarsal joint,
so that the soles
face each other.
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50. Eversion
• Movement of the
soles laterally at
the intertarsal joint
so that the soles
face away each
other.
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51. Dorsiflexion
• Bending of the foot at the ankle in the
direction of the dorsum (superior
surface).
• Occurs when stand on your heels.
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52. Plantar flexion
• Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in
the direction of the plantar or inferior
surface.
• Occurs when standing on your toes.
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53. #

54. Supination
• Movements of the
forearm at the
proximal and distal
radioulnar joint in
which the palm is
turned anteriorly or
superiorly.
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55. Pronation
• Movements of the
forearm at the proximal
and distal radioulnar joint
in which the distal end of
the radius crosses over
the distal end of ulna and
the palm is turned
posteriorly or inferiorly.
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56. Opposition
• Movements of the
thumbs at the
carpometcarpal joint in
which the thumb moves
across the palm to
touch the tips of the
finger on the same
hands.
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57. Figure 9.21
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58. Gliding Movement
• Simple movement in
which relatively flat
bone surfaces move
back and forth and
from side to side.
• No significant
alteration in angle
between bones
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59. Type of Synovial Joint
Synovial joints are classified into 6 groups
based on shapes of articulating surface and
possible movement.
 Ball and socket
 Hinge
 Planar (gliding)
 Condyloid
 Pivot
 Saddle
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60. Ball and Socket
• Consists of the ball like surface of one bone fitting
into cuplike depression of another bone
• Provide triaxial movement (flexion – extension,
abduction – adduction, lateral rotation – medial
rotation)
• Examples : hip joint and shoulder joint
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61. Ball and Socket Joint
Triaxial Movements
Hip Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
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62. Hinge Joint
• Convex surface of one bone fits into the
concave surface of another bone.
• Provide monoaxial movement (flexion –
extension)
• Examples: knee joint and elbow joint and
interphalangeal joint.
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63. Hinge Joint
Monoaxial Movement
Elbow Joint
Knee Joint
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64. Pivot
• Rounded or pointed surface of one bone
articulates with a ring formed partly by
another bone and partly by ligament.
• Provide monoaxial movement
• Examples: proximal radioulnar joint,
atlantoaxial joint.
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65. Pivot Joint
Monoaxial Movement
Atlantoaxial Joint
Radioulnar Joint
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66. Condyloid / Ellipsoidal Joint
• The convex oval shaped projection of one
bone fits into the oval shaped depression of
another bone.
• Provide biaxial movement (flexion –
extension, abduction – adduction)
• Examples : radiocarpal joint,
metacarpopahalangeal (2-5).
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67. Condyloid Joint
Metacarpophalangeal
Joint
Carpometacarpal
Joint
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68. Saddle Joint
• The articular surface of one bone is saddle
shaped, and the other bone fits into saddle.
• Provide triaxial movement (flexion –
extension, abduction – adduction, rotation)
• Example : 1st carpometacarpal joint between
trapezium of the carpus and 1st metacarpal.
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69. Saddle Joint
Triaxial Movements
Carpometacarpal Joint
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70. Planar / Gliding Joint
• Articulating surface of two bones are flat or
slightly curve.
• Limited movement
• Provide biaxial movement (back – forth, side
– side)
• Examples:intercarpal,
intertarsal,sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular
etc.
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71. Gliding / Planar Joint
Biaxial
Movements
Intercarpal Joint
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72. Thank You….any question??
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