Joints are classified based on structure and mobility. The main types are synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable). Diarthroses include fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints. Synovial joints have a joint cavity and include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid joints. Joints allow various movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Common synovial joints are the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. Arthritis and joint damage can be treated with joint replacement prosthetics.
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
Arthrology (General Lectures) Study of Joints
(Human anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
Arthrology (General Lectures) Study of Joints
(Human anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Introduction
• Arthrology: Study of joints
• Synonyms: Articulation (Latin)
Arthron (Greek)
• Joint: a junction between two or more bones
or cartilages.
• A device to permit movements
4. Classification of joints
Joints are classified according to structure and function-
(A) Functional (based on degree of mobility):
1.Synarthroses: immovable joints (cranial sutures in
adults, primary cartilaginous joints in
growing children).
2.Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints (joints
between adjacent laminae of vertebrae).
3.Diarthroses: freely movable joints (synovial joints).
6. (B) Structural classification
Based on type of connecting tissue and presence or absence of
joint cavity:
1. Fibrous: composed of intervening fibrous tissue with no joint
cavity. Immovable or slightly movable.
2. Cartilaginous: articulating bones are united by cartilage
(hyaline or fibrocartilage) with no joint cavity.
3. Synovial: articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint
cavity.
9. Joints and Their Classification
• Arthrology is the study of the joints
• Kinesiology is the study of
musculoskeletal movement
• Joints are classified by their freedom
of movement
– diarthrosis (freely movable); amphiarthrosis (slightly
movable) and synarthrosis (little or no movement)
• Joints are classified by the manner adjacent bones
are joined -- fibrous, cartilaginous, bony and
synovial joints
11. Fibrous joints
1. Sutures: articular surfaces are connected by a thin layer of
connective tissue. They are confined to the skull
and
are immovable.
2. Syndesmoses: bones are connected by a considerably greater
amount of connective tissue than in sutures in
the form of interosseous ligaments and
membranes. Slight movement is permitted.
e.g. interosseous tibiofibular joints,
interroseous radioulnar joints.
3. Gomphoses (peg and socket joint): articulation of teeth in
alveolar sockets of mandible and maxilla by
periodontal ligament.
12. Fibrous, Cartilaginous & Bony Joints
• Fibrous joints have collagen fibers spanning
the space between bones
– sutures, gomphoses & syndesmoses
• Cartilaginous joints have 2 bones bound to
each other by cartilage
– synchondroses or symphyses
• Bony joints have 2 bones fused by osseous
tissue
– synostoses in early adulthood
13. • Immovable fibrous joints that bind
the bones of the skull to each other
• Serrate sutures appear as
interlocking wavy lines
– coronal, sagittal & lambdoid sutures
• Lap or squamous sutures are 2 bones with
overlapping beveled edges
– temporal & parietal bones
• Plane or butt sutures have straight,
nonoverlapping edges
– palatine processes of the maxillae
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
15. Fibrous Joint -- Gomphoses
• Attachment of a tooth to its
socket is a joint called a
gomphoses
• Tooth held in place by fibrous
periodontal ligament
– collagen fibers that extend from
bone of jaw to tooth
• Allows tooth to move a little while chewing
16. • Joint in which two bones are bound
by a ligament only (interosseus
membrane)
• Most movable of fibrous joints
• Interosseus membranes unite radius to ulna and
tibia to fibula
Fibrous Joint -- Syndesmoses
17. Cartilaginous Joint -- Synchondroses
• Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
– rib attachment to sternum by
– epiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and
diaphysis
18. Cartilaginous Joint -- Symphyses
• 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
– pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
• Only slight amount of movement is possible
19. Bony Joints (Synostoses)
• 2 bones, once separate, fused by osseous tissue
• Ossification occurs with age
– left and right mandible present at birth
– left and right frontal bones present at birth
– epiphyses and diaphysis of the long bones
20. Synovial Joint
• Joint in which two bones are separated by a space
called a joint cavity
• Most are freely movable
21. General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
• Articular capsule
– fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane
– continuous with periosteum
• Synovial fluid
– viscous slippery fluid rich in albumin &
hyaluronic acid & similar to raw egg white
• Articular cartilage
– hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces
• Meniscus is pad of fibrocartilage in
jaw, wrist, knee and sternoclavicular joints
– absorbs shock, guides bone movements & distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
22. Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between
nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other
• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined
with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon
– numerous in hand and foot
23. Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike
depression
– head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
– head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
• Multiaxial joint
24. Hinge Joints
• One bone with convex surface that fits into a
concave depression on other bone
– ulna and humerus at elbow joint
– femur and tibia at knee joint
– finger and toe joints
• Monoaxial joint
25. Saddle Joints
• Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle,
concave in one direction and convex in the other
– trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
• Biaxial joint
– more movable than a condyloid or hinge joint
forming the primate opposable thumb
26. Pivot Joints
• One bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike
ligament of another
• First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative
to the other
– atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
– proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius during
pronation and supination
27. Gliding Joints
• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over
each other
• Limited monoaxial joint
• Considered amphiarthroses
28. Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
• Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a
similarly shaped depression on the next
– radiocarpal joint of the wrist
– metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers
• Biaxial joints
29. Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension
• Flexion decreases the
angle of a joint
– bending elbow or wrist
• Extension straightens a
joint and returns a
body part to the
anatomical position
• Hyperextension is
extension of a joint
beyond 180 degrees
31. Abduction & Adduction
• Abduction is movement of a part away from the
midsagittal line -- raising the arm to the side
• Adduction is movement towards the midsagittal line
32. Abduction & Adduction
• Abduction is spreading the fingers away from the
midline (middle finger)
• Adduction is movement is returning the fingers to the
anatomical position
33. Elevation and Depression
• Elevation is a movement that raises a bone vertically
– mandibles are elevated during biting & clavicles during a shrug
• Depression is lowering the mandible or the shoulders
34. Protraction & Retraction
• Protraction is movement of a bone anteriorly
(forward) on a horizontal plane
– thrusting the jaw forward, shoulders or pelvis forward
• Retraction is movement of a bone posteriorly
35. Lateral & Medial Excursion
• Lateral excursion is sideways movement to right
or left
• Medial excursion is movement back to the midline
• Side-to-side grinding movements occurring during
chewing
36. Circumduction
• Movement in which one end of
an appendage remains stationary
while the other end makes a
circular motion
• Sequence of flexion, abduction,
extension & adduction
movements
– baseball player winding up for a
pitch
37. Lateral and Medial Rotation
• Movement of a bone turning on its longitudinal axis
– rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm
• Medial rotation turns the bone inwards
• Lateral rotation turns the bone outwards
38. Supination & Pronation
• Occurs in the forearm and foot
• Supination
– rotation of forearm so that the palm
faces forward
– inversion and abduction of foot
(raising the medial edge of the foot)
• Pronation
– rotation of forearm so the palm faces
to the rear
– eversion and abduction of foot
(raising the lateral edge of the foot)
39. Opposition & Reposition
• Opposition is movement
of the thumb to approach
or touch the fingertips
• Reposition is movement
back to the anatomical
position
• Important hand function
that enables the hand to
grasp objects
40. Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion
• Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you
swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the
toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe
41. Inversion & Eversion
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are
turned medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
42. Range of Motion
• Varies greatly from one type of joint to another
• Measured with goniometer
• Factors affecting ROM and joint stability
– structure & action of the
muscles
• proprioceptors keep track of joint position & muscle tone
– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons & capsule
• gradual stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• “double-jointed” people have unusually long or slack
ligaments
43. Components of a Lever
• A lever is a rigid object that rotates around a fixed
point called a fulcrum
• Rotation occurs when effort overcomes resistance
– resistance arm & effort arm are described relative to
fulcrum
44. Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
• Ratio of output force to input force ( for math see
next slide)
• Why would a joint have 2 or more muscles
acting on it?
– insertions of muscles are slightly different with
different mechanical advantages
• runner uses high mechanical advantage muscles to
overcome body’s inertia & start moving
• runner shifts to muscles that have lower MA but produce
more speed
• Architecture of muscular system has a purpose
45. Mechanical Advantage
• Mechanical advantage is calculated from the length of the
effort arm divided by the length of the resistance arm
• Contraction of the biceps muscle causes the hand to move
quickly
• Contraction of the small digastric muscle opens the mouth
46. First-Class Lever
• Has fulcrum in the middle between effort & resistance
• Atlantooccipital joint lies between the muscles on the
back of the neck and the weight of the face
– loss of muscle tone occurs when you nod off in class
47. Second-Class Lever
• Has resistance in the middle between fulcrum & effort
• Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle
lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the diagastric
muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly
– upside down example relative to wheelbarrow illustration
48. Third-Class Lever
• Has the effort in the middle between the resistance &
the fulcrum
– most joints of the body
• The effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the
forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the
hand and the forearm
49. Temporomandibular Joint
• TMJ syndrome caused by malocclusion & stress
• Clicking sounds, headaches, vertigo, pain, or tinnitus
50. The Humeroscapular Joint
• Shoulder is most freely movable joint in the body
– shallowness of glenoid & looseness of
capsule
– deepened by glenoid labrum
• Supported by ligaments & tendons
– 3 glenohumeral, coracohumeral,
transverse humeral & biceps tendon are
important joint stabilizer
• Supported by rotator cuff musculature
– tendons of 4 muscles form rotator cuff that fuses to joint capsule
& strengthens it
– supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor & subscapularis,
• 4 Bursae associated with shoulder joint
54. The Elbow Joint
• Single joint capsule enclosing the
humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
• Humeroulnar joint is supported by collateral
ligaments.
• Radioulnar joint is head of radius held in place
by the annular ligament encircling the head
56. The Hip Joint
• Head of femur articulates with
acetabulum
• Socket deepened by acetabular
labrum
– transverse acetabular ligament
completes labrum
• Blood supply to head of femur
found in ligament of the head
of the femur (round ligament)
• Joint capsule strengthened by
ligaments
57. Hip Joint
• Joint capsule
strengthened by
ligaments
– pubofemoral
– ischiofemoral
– iliofemoral
59. The Knee Joint
• Most complex diarthrosis of the
body
– patellofemoral = gliding joint
– tibiofemoral = gliding with slight
rotation & gliding possible in
flexed position
• Joint capsule anteriorly consists
of patella & extensions of quadriceps
femoris tendon
• Rest of capsule strengthened by both
extracapsular & intracapsular ligaments
63. The Ankle Joint
• One joint capsule enclosing the
joints between the talus,
tibia and fibula
• Groups of ligaments
– binding tibia to fibula both anteriorly & posteriorly
– deltoid ligament binding the tibia to the foot on the
medial side
– lateral collateral ligament binds the fibula to the foot
on the lateral side
– achilles tendon inserting on the calcaneus
• Sprains are torn ligaments or tendons
66. Arthritis & Artificial Joints
• Arthritis is a broad term for pain & inflammation
• Osteoarthritis results from years of joint wear
– articular cartilage softens and degenerates
– accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
– bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
• Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune attack on joint
– antibodies attack synovial membrane, enzymes in
synovial fluid degrade the cartilage, bones ossify
– remissions occur, steroids & aspirin control inflammation
• Arthroplasty is replacement of diseased joint with
artificial device called prosthesis