This document defines and classifies different types of joints in the body. It begins by explaining that a joint is the union between two or more bones that allows varying degrees of movement. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which have minimal movement; cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement; and synovial joints which allow the greatest range of movement. Within synovial joints, the document further distinguishes six types - gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket - based on their structure and the motions they permit. It concludes by defining common angular, circular, and special movements associated with different joints.

2. Joint (Articulations)
•is a union or junction between two or more bones
•Allows varying amounts of mobility
•Arthrology is a science that study about joints.
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3. Classification of Joints
I. Structure II. Function
➢ Fibrous joints o Synarthroses
➢ Cartilaginous joint o Amphiarthroses
➢ Synovial joints o Diarthroses
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4. I. Functional Classification of Joint
.
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Type Movement Example
Synarthroses None (minimal) • Sutures, Teeth,
• Epiphyseal plates,
Amphiarthroses Slight • Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
Diarthroses Great - Glenohumeral joint
- Knee joint
- TempoMandibular Joint

5. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
A. Fibrous joints.
• bones are held together by
fibrous connective tissue
• These joints lack joint
cavities.
• range from rigid and
relatively movable joints
•three kinds
osutures,
ogomphoses
osyndesmoses,
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6. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
A) Fibrous joints
❑ Sutures
• thin layer of dense irregular
connective tissue that binds
•Different types based on there edge
•serrate suture:- interlocking saw
•squamous (lap) suture:-overlaps
•plane (butt) suture:- fairly smooth
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7. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
A) Fibrous joints
❑ Syndesmoses
• held together by collagenous fibers
tissue called interosseous ligaments.
• E.g. b/n adjacent vertebrae s. b/n the
radius and ulna and in the leg b/n the
tibia and fibula.
• Slight movement is permitted at these
joints as the antebrachium or leg is
rotated.
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8. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
A) Fibrous joints
❑ Gomphoses (dentoalveolar joint)
•are fibrous joints that occur
between the root of tooth and the
dental
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9. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
B) Cartilaginous joints.
• bones are held together by cartilage
• These joints also lack joint cavities.
• allow limited movement in response
to twisting or compression
• two types
➢ Synchondroses(Primary cartilaginous)
➢ Symphyses(secondary cartilaginous )
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10. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
B) Cartilaginous joints.
Synchondroses (primary cartilaginous joints)
•have hyaline cartilage b/n the articulating
bones.
•Some are temporary forming epiphyseal
plates.
•Some are permanent w/h are form the floor
and side of cranium
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11. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
B) Cartilaginous joints.
Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joints)
•The adjoining bones are covered with
fibrocartilage.
•This pad cushions the joint and allows
limited movement.
•e.g. symphysis pubis and the intervertebral
joints
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12. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS
•Synovial a Greek word meaning “egg
white,” which this fluid resembles.
•Two bones are separated by a
characteristic joint cavity
•provide a wide range of precise,
smooth movements.
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13. Ii. Structural Classification of Joint
•A synovial joint’s range of motion is determined by three
factors:
i. the structure of the bones involved in the articulation
e.g. the olecranon of the ulna limits
hyperextension of the elbow joint);
ii. the strength of the joint capsule and the strength and
tautness of the associated ligaments and tendons;
and
iii. the size, arrangement, and action of the muscles that
span the joint.
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14. Components of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
•Articular cartilage: covers ends of
both bones
•Synovial (joint) cavity: space
holding synovial fluid
•Articular capsule: surrounds and
protects the joint.
• Made of 2 layers
•Fibrous: external, dense CT for
strength
•Synovial membrane: internal,
produces synovial fluid
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15. Components of SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
• Reinforcing ligaments:
extracapsular/intracapsular
• Nerves + vessels: Highly
innervated, Highly vascular
• Meniscus (in some):
fibrocartilage; improves the
fit of two bones to increase
stability
• bursae (singular bursa)
oare flattened, pouchlike sacs that
are filled with synovial fluid.
ocommonly located between
muscles, or in areas where a
tendon passes over a bone.
• tendon sheath is a double
layered sac of synovial fluid that
completely envelops a tendon.
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16. 16
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17. Ii. Structural Classification of
Joint
Kinds of Synovial Joints
❑ Based on their structure
and the motion they permit.
❑ The six categories are:
1. Gliding
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. condyloid
5. saddle
6. ball-and-socket.
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18. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Gliding
• This is the simplest type of joint
movement.
• articulating surfaces are nearly flat, or
one may be slightly concave and the
other slightly convex.
• allow only side-to-side and back-and-
forth movements, with some slight
rotation.
• E.g. the intercarpal and intertarsal
joints, the acromioclavicular joint, and
the joint between the articular processes
of adjacent vertebrae.
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19. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Hinge
• are monaxial—like the hinge of a
door, they permit movement in only
one plane.
• the surface of one bone is always
concave, and the other convex.
• are the most common type of
synovial joints.
• Examples include the knee, the
humeroulnar articulation within the
elbow, and the joints between the
phalanges.
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20. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Pivot
• The movement at a pivot joint is
limited to rotation about a central axis.
• the articular surface on one bone is
conical or rounded and fits into a
depression on another bone.
• Examples are the proximal
articulation of the radius and ulna for
rotation of the forearm, and the
articulation between the atlas and
axis.
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21. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Condyloid
• is structured so that an oval, convex
articular surface of one bone fits into a
concave depression on another bone.
• This permits angular movement in two
directions, as in up-and-down and side-
to-side motions.
• Condyloid joints are therefore said to
be biaxial joints.
• Examples - the radiocarpal joint of the
wrist and the metacarpophalangeal
joints.
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22. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Saddle
• Each articular process of a saddle joint has
a concave surface in one direction and a
convex surface in another.
• This articulation is a modified condyloid
joint that allows a wide range of
movement.
• There are two places in the body where a
saddle joint occurs.
• the articulation of the trapezium with the first
metacarpal bone. This carpometacarpal joint is the
one responsible for the opposable thumb—a hallmark
of primate anatomy.
• the articulation between the malleus and incus, two
of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear.
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23. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket
• formed by the articulation of a
rounded convex surface with a
cuplike cavity.
• This multiaxial type of
articulation provides the greatest
range of movement of all the
synovial joints.
• Examples are the glenohumeral
(shoulder) and coxal (hip) joints.
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24. Movements
•Flexion
•Extension
•Hyperextension
•Dorsiflexion
•Plantar flexion
•Adduction
•Abduction
•Radial Deviation
•Ulnar Deviation
•Circumduction
•External Rotation
•Internal Rotation
•Inversion
•Eversion
•Opposition
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25. Angular Movements
Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing the
angle between two bones
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts at a
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26. Movements
LATERAL FLEXION
•Side-bending left or right
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27. Angular Movements
DORSIFLEXION
•Ankle movement bringing
the foot towards the shin
PLANTARFLEXION
•Ankle movement pointing
the foot downward
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28. Movements
Adduction
•Moving a body part towards the midline of
the body
Abduction
•Moving a body part away from the midline
of the body
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29. Movements
RADIAL DEVIATION
• Movement of the wrist
towards the radius or lateral
side.
ULNAR DEVIATION
• Movement of the wrist
towards the ulna or medial
side.
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30. Circular Movements
ROTATION
•Turning on a single axis
CIRCUMDUCTION
•circular motion at the hip or shoulder
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31. Circular Movements
PRONATION
❑Turning the arm or foot downward
❑(palm or sole of the foot - down)
oProne
SUPINATION
❑Turning the arm or foot upward
❑ (palm or sole of the foot - up)
oSupine
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32. Special Movements
RETRACTION
• Moving a part backward
PROTRACTION
• Moving a part forward
ELEVATION
• Raising a part
DEPRESSION
• Lowering a part
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33. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT
INVERSION
•Turning the sole of the foot inward
EVERSION
•Turning the sole of the foot outward
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34. Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
OPPOSITION
• Movement of the thumb across the palm of the
hand.
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35. THANK YOU !!!
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