Carpal Bone Anatomy Details PPT
Part-4 (UL Bone)
Carpal Bone names, attachments, clinical anatomy, General and specific points.
Carpal bones: 8
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Thank you
Branches/roots from L4-L5-S1 join and become superior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to abductor muscle of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Branches/roots from L5-S1-S2 join and form inferior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to gluteus maximus, this muscle has 2 function for extension and external rotation of the hip
Carpal Bone Anatomy Details PPT
Part-4 (UL Bone)
Carpal Bone names, attachments, clinical anatomy, General and specific points.
Carpal bones: 8
Like, share and comment.
Thank you
Branches/roots from L4-L5-S1 join and become superior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to abductor muscle of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Branches/roots from L5-S1-S2 join and form inferior gluteal nerve giving motor supply to gluteus maximus, this muscle has 2 function for extension and external rotation of the hip
a mixed slide of limbs applied anatomy.Thanks to some slideshare gurus like Dr. Salman Khan and Muahammad Ramzan Ul Rehman .this is just a collection of information which I have made for the medical community.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. TARSAL BONESTARSAL BONES
Proximal part of the foot.
7 tarsal bones :
- talus – superior ankle bone
- calcaneus – heel bone
- cuboid – anterior
- navicular – anterior
- 3 cuneiforms – anterior
* first (medial)
* second (intermediate)
* third (lateral)
3. TALUS BONE
Talus which is most superior
tarsal bone.
The only bone of the foot that
articulates with the fibula and tibia
on medial malleolus of the tibia
and on the others side with the
lateral malleolus of fibula
form talocrural (ankle) joint.
During walking, talus transmits
about half of the body weight to
the calcaneus.
4. NAVICULAR BONE
The anterior tarsal bones.
Like a little boat.
It is located on the medial side of
the foot, and articulates
proximally with the talus,
distally with the three cuneiform
bones, and occasionally laterally
with the cuboid.
5. CUNEIFORM BONES
Wedge shaped
There are three cuneiform bones in
the human foot:
the medial cuneiform
the intermediate cuneiform also
known as the middle
the lateral cuneiform
They are located between the
navicular bone and the first, second
and third metatarsal bones and are
medial to the cuboid bone.
6. CUBOID BONES
Cube-shaped
Cuboid articulates distally with
the fourth and fifth metatarsals
form fourth and fifth
tarsometatarsal joints
articulates Proximally with the
calcaneus form
calcaneocuboid joint
7. CALCANEUS BONE
In humans, the calcaneus or heel
bone is a bone of the tarsus of
the foot which constitute the
heel.
Located in the posterior part of
the foot.
The largest & strongest tarsal
bone.
Articulation between anterior
surface calcaneus and posterior
surface cuboid form
calcaneocuboid joint
8.
9. METATARSUSMETATARSUS
Intermediate region of foot.
5 metatarsal bones
Numbered I to V from medial
to lateral
Each metatarsal bone consists of
proximal base, distal head and
an intermediate shaft.
10. Articulate proximally with the
first, second and third
cuneiform bones and with the
cuboid form the
tarsometatarsal joints.
Distally articulate with the
proximal row of phalanges
form metatarsophalangeal
joints.
The first metatarsal is thicker
than the others because it bears
more weight.
11. PHALANGES
Comprise the distal
component of the foot and
resemble the hand both
numbers and arrangement.
Toes numbered I to V
beginning with the great
toe (hallux)
Each consists of a proximal
base, an intermediate shaft
and a distal head.
12. PHALANGES
Great or big toe has large, heavy phalanges called
proximal and distal phalanges.
The other four toes each have 3 phalanges called
proximal, middle and distal.
Joints between phalanges of the foot are called the
interphalangeal joint.
15. ANKLE JOINT
The ankle joint is formed where the foot and
the leg meet.
The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial
hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the
tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the
proximal end of the talus bone in the foot.
The articulation between the tibia and the talus
bears more weight than between the smaller
fibula and the talus.
18. Articulation
The lateral malleolus of the fibula and the
medial malleolus of the tibia along with the
inferior surface of the distal tibia articulate with
three facets of the talus.
These surfaces are covered by cartilage.
The anterior talus is wider than the posterior
talus. When the foot is dorsiflexed , the wider
part of the superior talus moves into the
articulating surfaces of the tibia and fibula,
creating a more stable joint than when the foot is
plantar flexed.
19. Ligaments
The ankle joint is bound by the strong deltoid
ligament and lateral ligaments
Deltoid ligament support medial side of the
joint
Lateral ligaments support lateral side of the
joint
20. Lateral ligaments:
Anteriortalofibularligament (AFTL): passes from the fibula
to the front of the talus bone.
PosteriortalofibularLigament (PTFL)- passes from the back
of the fibula to the talus bone posteriorly.
Calcaneofibularligament (CFL)- connects the calcaneus and
the fibula
21.
22.
23. Deltoid ligaments:
- Tibionavicularligament:
Attached at medial malleolus of tibia
and connect to the navicular bone
- Tibiocalcaneal ligament:
Attached at medial malleolus of tibia and connect to the
calcaneus bone
- Tibiotalarligament:
Attached at medial malleolus of tibia and connect to the
talus
25. INTERTARSAL JOINTS
Joints between tarsal bones are
called intertarsal joint.
Specific articulation between:
1. inferior surface talus and
superior surface calcaneus
form talocalcaneal joint
(subtalarjoint)
2. head of talus and posterior
surface navicular form
talocalcaneonavicularjoint
3. anterior surface calcaneus and
posterior surface cuboid
form calcaneocuboid joint
28. Clinical significance
Fracture:
Most traumatic incidents involving the ankle result
in ankle sprains.
Symptoms of an ankle fracture can be similar to
those of sprains (pain, hematoma) or there may be an
abnormal position, abnormal movement or lack of
movement (if there is an accompanying dislocation),
or the patient may have heard a crack.
29. Sprains:
Damage to ligamentous structures
More common on lateral side of ankle
Inversion Injuries
- Sprain lateral ligaments of ankle
- Stress lateral side of ankle
- Result of excessive foot inversion
Eversion Injuries
- Stress medial side of ankle
- Result of excessive foot eversion
30. Ankle sprain. Inversion injury of ankle.
Note it is turned inward.
Medial and lateral malleolus . the
"bumps" on either side of the ankle.
31. MUSCLE OF FOOT
Divided into Extrinsic muscle & Intrinsic
muscle of foot
32. Deep fascia
Deep fascia of the foot forms the plantar
aponeurosis that extends from the calcaneus
bone to the phalanges of the toes.
The aponeurosis supports the longitudinal
arch of the foot and enclosed the flexor
tendons of the foot
34. INTRINSIC MUSCLE OF THE SOLE
Divided into 2 groups :
1. Dorsal : only 1 muscle – extensor
digitorum brevis
2. Plantar : arranged in 4 layers
- 1st
layer (superficial layer) : abductor
hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis and
abductor digiti minimi
- 2nd
layer : quadratus plantae, lumbricals
- 3rd
layer : flexor hallucis brevis, adductor
hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis
- 4th
layer : dorsal interossei and plantar
interossei
35. DORSAL MUSCLE
Extensor digitorum brevis
Origin : calcaneus & inferior
extensor retinaculum
Insertion : tendons of extensor
digitorum longus on toes 2 – 4 &
proximal phalanx of great toe
Action : extends toes 2 – 4 at
interphalangeal joints.
Innervation : deep fibular
(peroneal) nerve
36.
37. PLANTAR MUSCLE : FIRST LAYER
Abductor hallucis
Origin : Calcaneus, plantar
aponeurosis & flexor
retinaculum
Insertion : medial side of
proximal phalanx of the great
toe with the tendon of the
flexor hallucis brevis.
Action : abducts & flexes
great toe at
metatarsophalangeal joint.
Innervation : medial plantar
nerve
39. Abductor digiti minimi
Origin : Calcaneus & plantar
aponeurosis
Insertion : lateral side of proximal
phalanx of little toe with the
tendon of the flexor digiti minimi
brevis.
Action : abducts & flexes little toe
at metatarsophalangeal joint
Innervation : lateral plantar nerve
PLANTAR MUSCLE : FIRST LAYER
41. Lumbricals
Origin : tendon of flexor
digitorum longus
Insertion : tendon of extensor
digitorum longus on proximal
phalanges of toes 2 – 5
Action : extends toes 2 – 5 at
interphalangeal joints & flex
toes 2 – 5 at
metatarsophalangeal joint
Innervation : medial & lateral
plantar nerve
PLANTAR MUSCLE : SECOND LAYER
42. Flexor hallucis brevis
Origin : cuboid & 3rd
cuneiform
Insertion : medial & lateral sides
of proximal phalanx of great toe
via a tendon containing a
sesamoid bone.
Action : flexes great toe at
metatarsophalangeal joint
Innervation : medial plantar
nerve
PLANTAR MUSCLE : THIRD LAYER
43. Adductor hallucis
Origin : metatarsal 2 – 4,
ligaments of 3 – 5
metatarsophalangeal joint &
tendon of peroneus longus.
Insertion : lateral side of
proximal phalanx of great toe
Action : adducts & flexes great
toe at metatarsophalangeal
joint
Innervation : lateral plantar
nerve.
PLANTAR MUSCLE : THIRD
LAYER
44. Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Origin : metatarsal 5 & tendon of
peroneus longus
Insertion : lateral side of
proximal phalanx of little toe
Action : flexes little toe at
metatarsophalangeal joint
Innervation : lateral plantar
nerve.
PLANTAR MUSCLE : THIRD LAYER
45. Dorsal interossei
Origin : adjacent side of all
metatarsals
Insertion : proximal phalanges ;
both side of toe 2 & lateral side of
toes 3 and 4
Action : abducts & flex toes 2 – 4 at
metatarsophalangeal joint & extend
toes at interphalangeal joints.
Innervation : lateral plantar nerve.
PLANTAR MUSCLE : FOURTH
LAYER
46. Plantar interossei
Origin : metatarsal 3 – 5
Insertion : medial side of
proximal phalanges of toes 3-
5
Action : adducts & flex
proximal at
metatarsophalangeal joint &
extend toes at
interphalangeal joints.
Innervation : lateral plantar
nerve.
PLANTAR MUSCLE : FOURTH
LAYER
47. ARCHES OF THE FOOT
Bone of foot arranged in 2 arches:
1. Longitudinal arch
2. Transverse arch
Arches enable the foot :
1. to support the weight of the body
2. provide an ideal distribution of body weight
over the hard and soft tissues of the foot.
3. provide leverage when walking
48. ARCHES OF THE FOOT
Arches are not rigid – they yield as weight is
applied and spring back when the weight is
lifted, thus helping to absorb shocks
Arches are fully developed by the time
children reach age 12 or 13
49.
50. Longitudinal arch
Has 2 parts
Both consist of tarsal and metatarsal bones
Arranged to form an arch from the anterior to
the posterior part of the foot
The medial part of the longitudinal arch
originates at the calcaneus
It raises to the talus and descends through the
navicular, the 3 cuneiform, and the heads of
the 3 medial metatarsals.
51. Longitudinal arch
Lateral part of the longitudinal arch begins at
the calcaneus
It rises at the cuboid and descends to the
heads of the 2 lateral metatarsals.
54. Transverse arch
Found between the medial & lateral aspects of
the foot.
Formed by the navicular, 3 cuneiforms and the
bases of the 5 metatarsals
58. Flatfoot & clawfoot
Flat foot : decrease the height of the medial
longitudinal arch due weak tendons &
ligaments – results in weight and postural
abnormalities and weaking the supporting
tissues
60. Clawfoot : medial longitudinal arch
abnormally elevated – caused by deformities
e.g. in DM whose neurological lesions lead to
atrophy of muscles of the foot.
61.
62. Muscles of the hand :
specialized for precise and intricate
movements
Muscles of the foot :
specialized for support and locomotion