The document summarizes different types and classifications of bones. It discusses how bones are classified based on region into axial and appendicular skeletons. It also describes classifications based on shape into long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Additionally, it covers classifications based on structure into compact and spongy bones, and based on development into membranous, cartilaginous, and membrano-cartilaginous bones. Various examples are provided to illustrate each classification type of bones.

2. PRESENTED BY
GROUP #1
BATCH #9
DPT

3. 1. What is bone ?
2. Function of bones.
3 . C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F B O N E S
 ON BASIS OF REGION
 ON BASIS OF SHAPE
 ON BASIS OF STRUCTURE
MACROSCOPIC and microscopic approach
 On basis of development

4. Presented by
Ruksar Jan

5. Bone is the one -third connective
tissue .
Impregnated with Calcium salt which
constitute remaining two-thirds part.
The inorganic calcium salt make the
bone hard and rigid.

6. IN-ORGANIC SALT IS
CALCIUM HYDROXY-APETITE
[Ca(PO4)6(OH)2]

7.  SUPPORT ,PROTECTION AND MOVEMENT:
1. Gives shape to the body
2. Supports body weight
3. Protects sensitive part of the body
 BLOOD CELL FORMATION:
1. The red bone marrow found in the
connective tissue of certain bones is
site of blood cell production

8. IN-ORGANIC SALT STORAGE :
Functions as a storage depots for
many body needs
Examples:
Calcium, potassium, sodium etc

9.  Long bones
 Short bones
 Flat bones
 Irregular bones
 Pneumatic bones
 Sesamoid bones

10.  These bones typically
have an elongated
shaft called diaphysis.
 Two expended ends
one on either side of
the shaft called
epiphysis.
EXAMPLE
 Humerus , femur
,radius ,ulna etc
(typical long bone)
 Metacarpals,
phalanges(short long
bone)
 Clavicle (modified long
bones)

11.  These are short in
posture
 Usually cuboid (cube
like), scaphoid (boat
shaped)
EXAMPLE
Tarsal and carpal bones

12.  These bones are
flat in
appearance
EXAMPLE
 Vault of skull
 Sternum
 Ribs and
 Scapula

13.  These bones are
completely
irregular in shape.
EXAMPLE
 Vertebra
 Hip bone
 Bones in the base of the
skull

14.  These are also irregular
bones
 But there is a
characteristic difference
THAT IS !!!
PRESENCE OF LARGE
AIR SPACES IN
THESE BONES
EXAMPLE
Sphenoid ,maxilla, etmoid

15.  These are small
nodules (knot
like)
 Found embedded
in tendons or
joint capsule
EXAMPLE
Patella
Pisiform etc

16.  Membrane bone:
 Ossify in membrane
 Through intra membranous or mesenchymal
ossification
EXAMPLE :
Vault of skull like frontal , parietal and facial
bones like maxilla

17. Presented
by
Ayesha Kawal

18.  CARTILAGINOUS BONES:
 Ossify in cartilage
 Through intracartilaginous or
endochondral ossification
EXAMPLES:
Humerus , femur ,vertebral column and
thoracic cage

19.  MEMBRANO-
CARTILAGINOUS BONES
 Ossify partly in
membrane and partly in
cartilage
EXAMPLE:
 Clavicle (sternal end
ossifies by endochondral
ossification while rest of
the bone ossifies by intra
membranous ossification)
 Mandible , occipital ,
temporal , sphenoid
CLAVICLE
TEMPORAL
MANDIBLE

20. Presented
by
Nida

21. ON BASIS OF REGION:
It is divided in to two types that are
1. AXIAL SKELETON
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

22. The axial skeleton
consists of 80
bones that form
the axis of the body
 Which supports
and protects the
organs in head,
neck, and trunk.

23.  It consists of 126
bones
 It include bones of
the limbs.
Examples
 Pectoral girdle.
 Free upper limb.
 Pelvic girdle .
 Free lower limb.

24. Presented
by
SANA

25.  Divided in to two types
1. Compact bones.
2. Spongy (cancellous)bones.

26.  These are dense in
texture
 But are extremely
porous
 It prevent bending
and twisting
COMPACT BONE
SPONGY BONE

27.  These are open in
texture
 It is made up of
meshwork
(network) of
trabeculae (rods
and plates)
 In between which
are marrow
containing spaces

28. Presented
By
MALIHA SHAHID

29. A. LAMELLAR BONES:
 Most of mature
human bones are
composed of thin
plates of boney tissue
called lamellae
 In compact bones
these are arrange in
concentric cylinders
 And arranged as
branching curved
plates in spongy bones
Lamellar in
compact bone
Lamellar in spongy bone

30.  Seen in fetal
bone ,fracture
repair and in
cancer of bone
 Collagen fiber
and bones are
arranged
randomly
WOVEN BONE LAMELLAR BONE

31.  Found in foetal
bones .
 But are present
in reptiles and
amphibians
 Woven bones are
also called
fibrous bone
Normal bone Fibrous bone

32.  Both occur in
teeth

33.  Main supporting
structure of
teeth
 Second hardest
tissue in body
after enamel
 70% mineral
In which 40% is
hydroxyapatite
 Dentine consists
of microscopic
channels called
dentinal tubules

34.  Thin layer of
bone like tissue
which covers the
roots of tooth
 45-55% of
inorganic
hydroxyapatite
 It’s yellowish in
color and softer
than dentine and
enamel
 Cementum
consists of layer
of cementoblasts
Which form
cementum
cementum

35. Thank you