Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body. Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM). However connective tissue differs from other types in that its cells are loosely, rather than tightly, packed within the ECM.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
A complete lecture of the Histology of Muscle Tissues, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body. Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM). However connective tissue differs from other types in that its cells are loosely, rather than tightly, packed within the ECM.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
A complete lecture of the Histology of Muscle Tissues, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.Vi. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. 2
• Most abundant and diverse tissues of the body.
• Grouped because of similar developmental origin.
• Distributed throughout the body but never exposed to the
outside environment.
• Many are highly vascular and innervated.
• Have three basic components:
1. Specialized Cell(s)
– Matrix
2. Solid, extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid, extracellular ground substance – amorphous, clear viscous
material that fills the space between cells (slows movement of pathogen)
Connective Tissues: Characteristics
3. 3
• Mechanical Support and Protection
– Establishment of a bony structural framework for the body that
protects delicate organs.
• Metabolic Functions
– Medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste products
• Energy Store and Thermal Regulation
• Defense
– Barrier
– Engulf invading microorganisms
– Antibody production
Connective Tissues: Functions
4. 4
• Fibroblasts/cytes
–most abundant cells in connective tissue proper
–produce/maintains connective tissue fibers and ground
substance
• Macrophages
–scattered throughout the matrix
–phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens
–release chemicals the mobilize the immune system
Cells of Connective Tissue
5. 5
• Adipoblasts/cytes
–fat cells
–permanent residents
–number of fat cells vary
• Mast Cells
–small, mobile cells often found near blood vessels
–cytoplasm is packed with vesicles filled with chemicals that
are released to begin the body’s defensive activities after
an injury or infection
Cells of Connective Tissue
7. 7
1. Collagen Fibers
• long, straight, unbranched
• strong, but flexible
• most common
• Example: Achilles tendon
2. Elastic Fibers
• branched and wavy
• return to their original length after stretching
• contain the protein elastin
• Example: skin
3 Basic Types of Connective Tissue Fibers
8. 8
3. Reticular Fibers
• made of same protein subunit as collagen fibers but
arranged differently
• thinner than collagen fibers
• form branching, interwoven framework in various
organs
• least common
3 Basic Types of Connective Tissue Fibers
10. 10
• Based on the physical properties of their matrix, connective
tissues are classified into three major types:
– Connective Tissue Proper
Consists of many types of cells and fibers within a matrix containing a syrupy
ground substance (ex. tissues that underlies the skin, fatty tissues, and
tendons/ligaments).
– Fluid Connective Tissues
Has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a matrix of water ground
substance containing dissolved proteins. The two fluid connective tissues are
blood and lymph.
– Supporting Connective Tissues
Have a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper, and a matrix
of dense ground substance and closely packed fibers. The two supporting
connective tissues are bone and cartilage.
Classifying Connective Tissues
11. 11
• Loose Connective Tissue
–“Packing materials” of the body
–More ground substance, fewer fibers
–Example: areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
• Dense Connective Tissue
– Tough, strong, and durable
– More fibers, less ground substance
– Example: dense regular (tendons/ligaments), dense
irregular
Connective Tissue Proper
12. 12
Fibroblasts
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
Location: subcutaneous layer of skin
Function: wraps and cushions organs, provides strength, elasticity, and support
Loose Areolor Connective Tissue
Gel-like ground, with both
elastic and non-elastic fibers
running through the ground in
many different directions.
14. 14
Blood vessel
•Contains fat pads and
insulates the body;
supports and protects
•Stores energy
•Each cell contains a large
fat droplet that swells when
fat is stored; shrinks when
fat is used
•Very little matrix
Loose Adipose Connective Tissue
18. 18
Dense Regular Connective Tissues
• Dense matrix with parallel
bundles of non-elastic
collagen fibers
• Found in tendons and
ligaments
• Tendons join muscle to
bone.
• Ligament join bone to
bone.
20. 20
Dense Irregular Connective Tissues
• Irregularly arranged collagen fibers
• Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
• Located in skin and fibrous joint capsules.
24. 24
• Bone
–Strong (hard calcium compounds)
–Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)
–Bone cells (osteocytes) arranged around central canals
within matrix.
Supporting Connective Tissue
25. 25
• Cartilage
– Hyaline Cartilage
• Stiff, flexible support
• Reduces friction between bones
• Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
– Elastic Cartilage
• Supportive but bends easily
• Found in external ear and epiglottis
– Fibrocartilage
• Limits movement
• Prevents bone-to-bone contact
• Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs
Supporting Connective Tissue
26. 26
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
• Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that forms the skeleton
• Very well vascularized and innervated
• Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscles to act on
27. 27
Hyaline Cartilage
• Most abundant in the body
• Firm matrix; provides firm
support
• Composes entire fetal
skeleton
• Nose tip is hyaline cartilage
• It covers long ends on bones
and provides compression on
joints, preventing bones from
rubbing against one another.
• Holds trachea open
31. 31
Fibrocartilage
• Thick collagen fibers
• Can absorb shock; it is
compressible and has tension
resistance
• Found where heavy amounts
of pressure are required, such
as in inter-vertebral joints and
knee joints
33. 33
• Blood and Lymph
–Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
–Carry specific cell types (formed elements)
• Formed elements of blood
–Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells or RBC): transport
–Leucocytes (White Blood Cells or WBC): defense
–Thrombocytes (platelets): protection
Fluid Connective Tissues
34. 34
Blood (Vascular Tissue)
• Liquid matrix of nonliving fluid
called blood plasma
•90% water, 10% plasma
proteins, electrolytes,
hormones, oxygen, glucose,
etc
• Transports gases, nutrients,
wastes and other substances
• About ½ cells and ½ fluid
35. 35
Blood
• Formed elements:
(a) Erythrocytes (RBCs) – 48 billion (females) to 54 billion (males) cells/ml
of blood in humans. Mammals are anucleated while the rest of the
vertebrates have nuclei. RBC’s contain hemoglobin to allow for oxygen to be
carried to the tissues.
(b, c, & d) Leukocytes (WBCs) – about 7.5 million cells/ml of blood
Thrombocytes (Platelets) – blood clotting