This document discusses tissue engineering and stem cell therapy. It explains that tissue engineering uses natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic tissues to replace or repair damaged tissue. Stem cells can be used as they are undifferentiated and can renew themselves indefinitely. There are several types of stem cells that can be used, including somatic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, there are also risks to consider with stem cell therapy such as tumor formation, genetic abnormalities, rejection, and side effects of immunosuppression.

1. DR. TANDRA GHOSH
Phase A Resident
Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

2.  Tissue engineering is a set of methods that
can replace or repair damaged or diseased
tissue with natural, synthetic or semi-
synthetic tissue mimics.

4.  The ability of tissue to undergo spontaneous
regeneration is highly variable and very
limited in many cases.
 For example, Bone tissue is able to undergo
effective regeneration but
 Adjacent cartilage has little or no propensity
for spontaneous regeneration.

5.  1.Getting the base cells to work with,
 2.Putting the altered cells into a scaffold in
order to incubate the cells,
 3.Put the newly created organ or cells into
use.

7.  1. SOMATIC CELLS
 2. STEM CELLS
 somatic stem cell(ssc)
 embryonic stem cell(hESC)
 fetal stem cell
 induced pluripotent stem cell(ipsc)

8.  SOMATIC CELLS: Fully differentiated
. specialized cells.
 Eg: Skin for burn injuries,
 chondrocyte- autologous chondrocyte
 implantation
o Limitation: limited proliferative ability in vitro.
Not readily available in sufficient
numbers.

9.  Stem cells are undifferentiated or nonspecialised
cells that are able through cell division, to renew
themselves indefinitely.
 SSCs: multipotent, have the capacity to
differentiate into a limited number of specialized
cell type. Eg, haematopoetic, mesenchymal,
neural stem cell.
 ESCs: Totipotent, able to give rise to all cell types
of the body. ESCs are obtained from inner cell
mass of blastocyst( 4-5 days after IVF).

10.  Fetal stem cell: stem cells can be obtained from
blood, bone marrow and other tissues of aborted
fetus.They have been used as cell therapy in
many diseases eg, parkinson’s dis, diabetes,
spinal cord injury.
 iPSCs: specialized adult cells could be
reprogrammed using genetic manipulation via
retroviral or lentiviral transfection to become
iPSCs.
 Limitation: genomic integration of viruses may
lead to activation of oncogenic gene causing
tumerogenesis.

14.  Static cell seeding
 Dynamic cell seeding
 Magnetic cell seeding
 Pressure and vacuum seeding
 Photopolymerised hydrogel
 Bioreactor perfusion system

15.  Tumor formation: more risk in ESCs, iPSCs
 Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities
 Transmission of infection
 Poor viability and loss of function
 Differentiation into undesired cell types
 Rejection
 Side effect of immunosuppression( allogenic
cell).