Stem cells are cells that can develop into different types of cells in the body. They have the potential to repair damaged tissues and cells. The history of stem cell research began in the 1970s with bone marrow transplants. Present research focuses on umbilical cord stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Potential applications include regenerative medicine, drug development, and treatments for conditions like cancer, diabetes, and arthritis. Challenges include ethical issues surrounding embryo use and the need for more research to understand mechanisms fully.

1. The past present and
future prospects of stem
cell research
Presented By-
Kartikeya Singh
B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY
SEM-V
Roll No. 273001
Enrollnment No-ECC1808001

2. STEM CELL-DEFINITION
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A stem cell is a cell
with the unique ability
to develop into
specialised cell types
in the body. In the
future they may be
used to replace cells
and tissues that have
been damaged or lost
due to disease.

3. What makes a cell a STEM CELL
Plasticity: A stem cell is plastic, meaning it can
develop into another type of cell.
Differentiation: The process where a stem cell specializes or
develops into another type of cell.
Unspecialized:They do not have any tissue specific structures.
Self renewal:A stem cell can divide(renew itself) indefinitely
and without always developing into another cell.
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4. Classification of stem cells
Stem cells can be classified
according to their origin into
four broad types, from
embryos; from the fetus; from
the infants and from the adult.
Also, they can be classified
according to their potency.
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5. HISTORY-
Past prospects and researches of stem cells
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6. “What is stem cell research?
Stem-cell research is the area of research
that studies the properties of stem cells
and their potential use in medicine.
As stem cells are the source of all tissues,
understanding their properties helps in
our understanding of the healthy and
diseased body's development and
homeostasis
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History of Human Stem Cell Research
• In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was
successfully used in treatment of Severe
Combined Immunodeficiency.
• Since the 1970s, bone marrow transplants
have been used for treatment of
immunodeficiencies and leukemias .
• 1999 - First Successful human transplant of
insulinmaking cells from cadavers
• 2001- First cloned human embryos (only to six
cell stage) created by Advanced Cell
Technology (USA)
• 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells
from embryos

8. History of human embryonic stem cell research
▸ In 1998, James Thomson (University of Wisconsin-
Madison) isolated cells from the inner cell mass of
the blastocyst, and developed the first human
embryonic stem cell line in culture.
▸ In 1998, John Gearhart derived human embryonic
germ cells from cells in fetal gonadal tissue
▸ Pluripotent stem cell ‘lines’ were developed from
both sources.
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9. History of adult stem cell research
Since the 1970’s bone marrow transplants
Have been used for treatment of
immunodeficient and leukemia.
In fact, adult hematopoietic—or blood-
forming—stem cells from bone marrow
have been used in transplants for more
than 40 years.
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10. 1952 - Briggs and King cloned tadpoles
1996-Successful cloning of mammals-Dolly
the sheep, the first successfully cloned
mammal, was cloned in Scotland in 1996.
Dolly is shown with her first offspring,
Bonnie.
The process involves fusing a sheep egg
with an udder cell and implanting the
resulting hybrids into a surrogate mother
sheep.
History of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
(Cloning)
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11. PRESENT PROSPECTS

12. Umbilical cord stem cells
At the time of delivery, cord blood is collected, stored,
and frozen.
• UCB contains two classes of stem cells.
-Haematopoietic stem cells (HS ).
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).
• Can be used to cure chronic blood-related disorders
such as sickle cell disease, Thalasemia, and leukaemia.
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13. iPSC a turning point in stem cell therapy
▸ The turning point in stem cell therapy
appeared in 2006, when scientist
ShinyaYamanaka, discovered that it is
possible to reprogram multipotent adult
stem cells to the pluripotent state.
▸ can create stem cells directly from a patient
for research
▸ Advantage: no need for embryos! (ethical)
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14. Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)
▸ • A nucleus from an adult donor cell is inserted into
a recipient egg cell from which the nucleus has
been removed.
▸ •The resulting cell is then stimulated to divide as a
zygote later forming embryo genetically identical to
the adult donor cell.
▸ •May be ethically acceptable as embryos by
conventional methods are not used.
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15. DEVELOPMENT IN STEM
CELL RESEARCH

16. REGENERATIVE
MEDICINE
▸ For the first time researchers
reconstitute a complete organ.
New bladders were made by
growing bladder cells from the
patients on a biodegradable
scaffolding.
▸ - Reported in the Lancet (April,
2006)
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17. Potential uses of stem cells
▸ Biotechnology(drug discovery & development)
▸ - stem cells can provide specific cell types to test new
drugs
• Cancer cell lines are already being used to screen
potential anti-tumor drugs.
• Availability of pluripotent stem cells would allow drug
testing in a wider range of cell types & to reduce animal
testing .
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18. Potential uses of stem cells (cont.)
▸ CELL BASED THERAPIES
▸ - Regenerative therapy to treat Parkinson's,
Alzheimer's, spinal cord injury, stroke, severe burns,
heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and
rheumatoid arthritis
▸ - Stem cells in gene therapy
 Any disease in which there is tissue degeneration can
be a potential candidate for stem cell therapies.
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19. Leukemia and Cancer
▸ Leukemia patients treated
with stem cells emerge
free of disease.
▸ Stem cells have also
reduces pancreatic
cancers in some patients.
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20. Rheumatoid Arthritis
▸ Adult Stem Cells
may be helpful in
starting repair of
eroded cartilage.
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21. Type I Diabetes
▸ Embryonic Stems
Cells might be
trained to become
pancreatic islets
cells needed to
secrete insulin.
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22. CURRENT STATUS IN INDIA
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Keeping in view of its potential therapeutic applications,
both basic and translational research are being
promoted in various institutions, hospitals and the
industry.
• Till date, more than 55 programmes have been
identified and supported on various aspects of stem cell
research.
National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research was
published by ICMR in 2013.

23. Challenges to stem cell research
▸ USE OF EMBRYOS FOR STEM CELL RESEARCH IS CONTROVERSIAL-No field
of biological science has been more controversial than that involving human
reproduction.ESC research on ethical, moral, or religious grounds,such
research deprives a human embryo of any further potential to develop into a
complete human being.
▸ Because stem cell research is relatively new, it is important to build a
scientific foundation that can support the research community,the
mechanisms are not fully understood,fear of the unknown is the greatest
challenge to overcome.
▸ Inability to obtain source material due to ethical concerns.
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24. CONCLUSION
▸ After several decades of experiments, stem cell therapy is
becoming a magnificent game changer for regerative and
specific medicine.
▸ There is enormous potential in human stem cell research
Both adult and embryonic stem cells should be studied
▸ Much research needed before therapies are realized.
▸ Ethical concerns need to be taken into account.
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25. Thanks!
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26. Medical Icons
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27. Diagrams and infographics
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