Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. There are several types of cloning including reproductive cloning to create an organism with identical genetics to a donor, therapeutic cloning to create stem cells for medical research and treatment, and productive cloning to create selected organs or tissues. Therapeutic cloning involves transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an egg cell to produce stem cells that can be used to treat degenerative diseases like diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and are a promising area of research for regenerative medicine and disease treatment.

1. by Api Giulia and Cevasco Silvia

2. Cloning is the process by which is created a genetically
identical copy of an organism. It may be naturally occurring
or created in the laboratory.

3. REPRODUCTIVE
TO GET AN ORGANISM WITH THE GENETIC
HERRITAGE IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE CORE
DONOR
THERAPEUTIC
TO GET BY CORE’S TRANSFER FROM A ONE
OOCYTE TO AN OTHER ONE, AND, NEXT
FECUNDATION, AN IMMUNE EMBRYO FROM
MITOCHONDRIAL ILLNESS OR FROM
CHROMOSOMOPATHIES.
PRODUCTIVE
TO GET SELECTED ORGANS,TISSUES AND
CELLULAR LINES. THE RESULT OF THE
CLONING WOULD BE AN ORGANISM, WHICH IS
GOTTEN BY THE TRASFER OF A NUCLEUS, AND
WHICH HAS THE SAME CHOSEN GENETIC
HARRITAGE : FROM THIS ORGANISM IT IS
THOUGHT THAT IT COULD GET
ORGANS,TISSUE AND CELLULAR LINES OF
REQUEST GENETIC QUALITY.
EXPERIMENTAL
TO LEAVE SIMPLY OPEN TO THE RESEARCH
THE POSSIBILITY TO DO NEW DISCOVERIES.

4. The therapeutic cloning is one of the
many used methods to get STEM
CELLS, to the scientific research and
in the future to the care of
degenerative illnesses.
The used method for the therapeutic
cloning foresees the denucleation of
one cell and the insertion of a
nucleus of a somatic cell. After the
core’s implant it is simply stimulated
the reproduction in vitro of the cell, to
get new different stem cells with
genetic herritage of the somatic cell.
These could be used to care
degenerative illness.

5. They’re cells that, by differentiation’s process, made other specialized cells.
There are differents type of stem cells:
TOTIPOTENT: which can make every kind of tissues;
PLURIPOTENT: which can make every kind of tissues, eccept extra-embryonic tissue;
OLIGOPOTENT: which can only make the cells of a certain tissue type;
MULTIPOTENT : which can only make certain cells type;
UNIOTENT: which can only make one type of cells.
Stem cells more used in therapeuti cloning are embryonical cells, bone marrow’s cells, and
skin, blood, umbilical cord’s cells.

6. IT CAN CARE DEGENERATIVE ILLNESSES
AS TYPE 1 DIABETES…
…OR IN THE FUTURE IT WILL BE ABLE TO
CARE DEGENERATIVE ILLNESSES AS
ALZHEIMER AND PARKINSON

7. IT CAN CARE DEGENERATIVE ILLNESSES
AS TYPE 1 DIABETES…
CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune
illness because it is cased by the
production of antibodies, wich attach
pancreas’s cells, appoint to the
production of insulin. The lack of this
hormone, which regulates the
presence of glucose in the blood,
makes mode that the sugars,
inserted in our body by nutrition ,
aren’t assimilated, but expelled with
urine; for this the body has to made
energy in other way, mainly by the
lipid metabolism, and that involves
the production of chetonic bodies,
organic acidic make after lipid
metabolism, and proteins.

8. Throughout the copy of
stem cells
→→
The stem cells can be used to
substitute the missing or
malfunctioning cells that
pruduce insulin. The stem cells
could be also used to keep in
live the beta-pancreatic cells,
which make insulin and defend
them by the attack of the
immune sistem.

9. The used method is divided into different
phaeses:
-The pancreas is taken from a brain dead
donor
-In the laboratory the organ is cleansed, the
cells, called islet cells, which are going to be
transplanted, are extracted and duplicated
throughout the therapeutic cloning process.
They are inglobated into a gelatinous
substance (composed of plasm and a
catalyst enzyme, called thrombin), this
mixture is surgically inserted into the
abdomen, and it attaches itself to the
omentum (a filn which protects the organs in
the abdominal are) and keeps the islets in
the established position;
-While the organism assorbs the gel, new
blood vessels are created, which provid
oxygen and indispensable substances for
the survival of the injected cells.
- Now the cells can perform their function
and allow the correct production of insulin

10. - Thanks to therapeutic cloning, in Miami on 27th August 2015 the first
pancreatic islets were transplanted, and it could be possible cure two people
afflicted by type 1 diabetes.
- On 9th june 2016 in Niguarda hospital, in Milan, it was made the first
european transplant on 41-years-old man
ADVANTAGES OF THIS LITTLE INVASIVE PROCEDURE ARE THE LESS
RISK OF THE ‘’NEW ORGAN’’ REJECTION AND THAT PEOPLE WHO
MAKE THIS WILL NOT HAVE TO EMPLOY INSULIN

11. The Alzheimer’s disease is a
neurodegenerative illness, that
damages the brain and involves
the gradual decline of cognitive
functiones, because it damages
the brain’s area that monitors
function like memory, thought and
speech.
Even if it doesen’t follow the
Mendel’s rules, it is a genetic
illness and nowdays we think that
about 70% of people afflicted by
dementia are also afflicted by
Alzheimer’s disease.

12. By some tests we can understand the causes of Alzheimer’s
appearance:
When microglia, immune system’s cells, start to consume too much
arginine (ammonoacid) those cells start to change and Alzheimer
emerges.

13. The interrention is based on the
duplication in vitro of the stem cells.
Nevertheless, the experiment with this
newmethod is still beginning. Studies
are effected on laboratory’s mice only.
Scientists inject in the brain of mice
some stem cells, that will generate new
connections between synapse. In this
way, mice will recover memory.
After the injection, the reseences
found that animal’s brain have
increased of 6% of the stem cells, that
became nervous.
While most of the stem cells have
created new cells, that promote
neuronal growth

14. Parkinson’S disease is a
neurodegenerative illness that
damnages functiones as the
motion and equilibrium’s control
(sometimes it compromises the
leguage and it can cause sleep’s
upset, depression stressand
impulsive’s behavior). Because
of deficit that it causes at motoric
level, Parkinson disease is one
of the illness call ‘’Motion’s disturbs’’.
The avarage age when the disease appeares is around 58-60 years but it
can alsoappear between 21 and 40 years ( it happenes infrequently). More
rarely it appears before 20 years.
Over 60 it attackes 1-2% of world population, and this percent touches 5% in
people over 85 years-old

15. The causes of the illness are unknow. The illness borns
when neurons of Substantia Nigra, deep brain’s area,
degeneret and stop to produce the necessary quantity of
dopamine.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in charge of motion,
working memory, speech,
pleasure, sleep,
some cognitive
recognitions,
and of concentration.
Furthermore from morrow
to brain it’s started to
accumulate Alfa-Synuclein,
a protein deemed liable of
the illness’ spread in
all the brain.

16. OLD THERAPY NEW THERAPY
Before 2014, the transplant of
stem cells happened trought the
transplant of big and compact
neuron’s blacks.
However transplant neurons got
sick too.
The new treatment is based on
twenty years of studies and
foressees the injection of solution
that contains a little amount of
neuronal sem cells throught
arteries.

17. After the assessment for the
procedure’s sicurity, 20 patients
were choosen and divided in two
groups: one group, choosen by
random way, got stem cells’
treatment, while the other one got
a simulation of the real procedure,
and after six months treatments
were inverted.
Stem cells, injected by arterial
way, were taken by bone marrow
and could slow down the illness
progression, because they could
produce growth factors which
support sick nerv cells.
ALL TWENTY PATIENT HAD GOT
A BIG IMPROVING

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