Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases Ibad khan
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases
difinition
mechanism
types
history
advantages or disadvantages
in this presentation all theses information include ,
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases Ibad khan
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases
difinition
mechanism
types
history
advantages or disadvantages
in this presentation all theses information include ,
Pluripotent Stem Cells and their applications in disease modelling, drug disc...tara singh rawat
This ppt gives an insight of the potential and possibilities of pluripotent stem cells research in disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine
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Pluripotent Stem Cells and their applications in disease modelling, drug disc...tara singh rawat
This ppt gives an insight of the potential and possibilities of pluripotent stem cells research in disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine
This presentation summarizes some of the most popular neural differentiation protocols. It also contains some of the most recent developments in these protocols including small molecule based methods.
There isn't one single person credited with discovering the mitochondria, as over the years a number of scientists have made important contributions to the study of the discovery of this important cellular structure:
1800s In 1857, Albert von Kölliker described what he called “granules” in the cells of muscles.
- Other scientists of the era also noticed these “granules” in other cell types.
1886 , when Richard Altman, a cytologist, identified the organelles using a dye technique, and dubbed them “bioblasts.” He postulated that the structures were the basic units of cellular activity.
1898, Carl Benda coined the term mitochondria. He derived the term from the Greek language for the words thread, mitos, and granule, chondros.
-Though mitochondria are an integral part of the cell, evidence shows that they evolved from primitive bacteria.
There isn't one single person credited with discovering the mitochondria, as over the years a number of scientists have made important contributions to the study of the discovery of this important cellular structure:
The 1800s In 1857, Albert von Kölliker described what he called “granules” in the cells of muscles.
- Other scientists of the era also noticed these “granules” in other cell types.
1886 , when Richard Altman, a cytologist, identified the organelles using a dye technique and dubbed them “bioblasts.” He postulated that the structures were the basic units of cellular activity.
1898, Carl Benda coined the term mitochondria. He derived the term from the Greek language for the words thread, mites, and granule, condos.
-Though mitochondria are an integral part of the cell, evidence shows that they evolved from primitive bacteria.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Human bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells secrete
brain-derived neurotrophic
factor which promotes
neuronal survival in vitro
By
Patel Devang V.
M.S.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
NIPER-Ahmedabad
3. Stem cell type Description Examples
Stem cells can form only one type of Muscle stem
Unipotent
specialized cell type cells
Fetal tissue,
Stem cells can form multiple types of
Multipotent Adult stem
cells and tissue types
cells
Stem cells can form any adult cell type.
However, they alone cannot develop into Blastocyst
Pluripotent adult animal because they lack the (4 to 5 days
potential to contribute to extraembryonic old embryo)
tissue(such as the Placenta).
Stem cells can differentiate into Cells from
embryonic and extraembryonic cell early (1-3
Totipotent
types (eg. Placenta). Such cells can days)
construct a complete, viable organism embryo
4. • Embryonic Stem Cells can be obtained from
blastocysts and aborted fetuses.
• Adult Stem Cells (Non-embryonic stem cells)
have been found in the blood, bone
marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental
pulp, brain, skin, muscle, salivary gland etc.
5. MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS(MSCs)
• Morphologically, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
have long and thin cell bodies with a large
nucleus.
• Mesenchymal stem cells are a distinct entity to the
mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue which
is derived from the mesoderm).
• MSCs are adult stem cells found in the bone
marrow, cord blood, peripheral blood, fallopian
tube, fetal liver and lung.
• MSCs have capacity to form multiple types of
tissue including adipocytes (fat
cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), osteoblasts
(bone cells), tendons, muscle, skin, neurons.
6. APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELLS
Stem cell therapy has the potential to treat many
human diseases like:
• Brain damage • Diabetes
• Leukemia • Blindness and vision
• Spinal cord injury impairment
• Heart damage • Amyotrophic lateral
• Muscle damage sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease • Multiple sclerosis
• Baldness • Wound healing
• Missing teeth • Infertility
7. STEM CELLS IN NEUROLOGICAL
DISEASES
In recent years,
there has been
(A) Human ESCs considerable
interest in the
potential of stem
cells as therapeutic
agents in
(A) Neurons
neurological
derived from
diseases including
Human ESCs stroke and spinal
cord injury.
8. • In neurological diseases it has been postulated that
stem cell therapies may replace lost cells by
differentiating into functional neural tissue; modulate
the immune system to prevent further
neurodegeneration and effect repair; or provide a
source of trophic support for the diseased nervous
system.
9. Human bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells secrete brain-
derived neurotrophic factor which
promotes neuronal survival in vitro
Published In
Stem Cell Research, 2009, 3, 63–70
By
Alastair Wilkins et al.,
Department of Neurology ,
University of Bristol,
UK
10. AIM OF EXPERIMENT
• To define mechanisms of neuronal cell
death under conditions of trophic
deprivation and exposure to nitric oxide
• To determine potential mechanism by
which human bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may
protect neurons from trophic deprivation or
NO-mediated damage
11. MATERIALS USED
• Neuronal cultures prepared from cortices of E16 rat embryos
• Bone marrow: Taken by the time of total hip replacement
surgery by orthopedic surgeons at the Avon Orthopedic
Centre, Bristol, UK
• Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented
with 2% B27
• MIN (DMEM supplemented with chemically defined medium
with no serum)
• CM (Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium)
• Neuronal marker bisbenzamide
• DETANONOate (NO donor)
• LY290042 (PI3kinase/Akt inhibitor)
• Neutralising antibodies to BDNF
12. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT
[A] Determination of the influence of MSC-
conditioned medium on signaling changes
occurring during trophic factor withdrawal
• Cortical neurons (1.4 103 cells/mm2) were
maintained in B27-supplemented Dulbecco's
modified Eagles medium (DMEM).
• This was taken as Control throughout
experiment and other values expressed as a
percentage of this control.
• For determination of neuronal survival, cultures
were fixed and stained by the nuclear marker
bisbenzamide.
13. FIG : MSC-conditioned
medium increases
survival of neurons
exposed to trophic
deprivation
• MIN: Chemically defined medium with no serum
• CM: MSC-conditioned medium
• CM/LY: MSC-conditioned medium plus LY290042
14. FIG : MSC-conditioned
medium increases
survival of neurons
exposed to trophic
deprivation
• Neurons exposed to MIC (Chemically defined medium with no
serum) showed decreased survival compared to control.
• Neurons exposed to CM (MSC-conditioned medium showed
increased survival compared to those exposed to MIC (Chemically
defined medium with no serum).
• The PI3 Kinase / Akt inhibitor LY290042 inhibits the survival effect of
MSC-conditioned medium.
15. [B] Determination of the influence of MSC-conditioned
medium on signaling changes occurring during NO
exposure
FIG: MSC-conditioned medium
increases survival of neurons
exposed to nitric oxide
MIN: Chemically defined
medium with no serum
NO: DETANONOate
NO/CM: DETANONOate plus
MSC-conditioned medium
NO/CM/LY: DETANONOate
plus MSC-conditioned medium
plus LY290042
16. FIG: MSC-conditioned medium
increases survival of neurons
exposed to nitric oxide
• Neurons exposed to the DETANONOate (nitric oxide
donor) showed decreased survival compared to
control, a process which was attenuated by MSC-
conditioned medium.
• The PI3 Kinase / Akt inhibitor LY290042 inhibits the
survival effect of MSC-conditioned medium.
17. [C] Determination of the influence of MSC-conditioned
medium on neuronal survival via PI3kinase/Akt-
dependent pathways
FIG: MSC-conditioned
medium activates Akt in
neurons exposed to
trophic deprivation
MIN: Chemically defined
medium with no serum
CM: MSC-conditioned
medium
CM/LY: MSC-conditioned
medium plus LY290042
18. FIG: MSC-conditioned
medium activates Akt in
neurons exposed to
trophic deprivation
• Exposure of neurons to CM (MSC-
conditioned medium) increased activation of
Akt compared to those exposed to MIN
(Chemically defined medium with no serum).
• Furthermore, addition of the PI3kinase/Akt
inhibitor LY290042 inhibited CM (MSC
conditioned medium)-induced survival of
cortical neurons exposed to trophic factor
withdrawal.
19. FIG: MSC-conditioned medium activates Akt in neurons
exposed to DETANONOate
• B27: Neurons exposed to 2% B27
• MIN: Chemically defined medium with no serum
• NO: DETANONOate
• NO/CM: DETANONOate plus MSC-conditioned medium
• NO/CM/LY: DETANONOate plus MSC-conditioned
medium plus LY290042
20. FIG: MSC-conditioned medium activates Akt in neurons
exposed to DETANONOate
• Akt activation was seen in neurons exposed to
CM (MSC-conditioned medium) in the presence
of DETANONOate, compared to neurons
exposed to DETANONOate alone.
• Furthermore, addition of the PI3kinase/Akt
inhibitor LY290042 inhibited CM (MSC
conditioned medium)-induced survival of cortical
neurons exposed to NO exposure.
21. FIG: MSC-conditioned medium reduces p38 activation in
neurons exposed to DETANONOate
• MIN: Chemically defined medium with no serum
• NO: DETANONOate
• NO/CM: DETANONOate plus MSC-conditioned
medium
22. FIG: MSC-conditioned medium reduces p38 activation in
neurons exposed to DETANONOate
• Furthermore exposure of neurons to MIN
(Chemically defined medium with no serum) alone
did not lead to activation of p38 MAPkinase, which
occurred on exposure to DETANONOate.
• CM (MSC-conditioned medium) attenuated
DETANONOate-induced p38 activation within
cortical neurons.
23. [D] Determination whether BDNF is important in
mediating the MSC effects on neuronal survival
MIN: Chemically defined medium
with no serum
MSC1–6: Different MSC
populations (Derived from different
patients)
NeuronNO: Neurons exposed to
DETANONOate
BDNF ELISA demonstrated
FIG: Human MSCs significant amounts of BDNF
secreted from MSCs.
produce BDNF
24. FIG: Neutralising
antibodies to BDNF
attenuate MSC-
conditioned medium
survival effects under
conditions of trophic
deprivation
CM/aBDNF: MSC
conditioned medium
plus neutralising
antibodies to BDNF
25. FIG: Neutralising antibodies
to BDNF attenuate MSC
conditioned medium
survival effects under
conditions of
DETANONOate exposure
• NO/CM: DETANONOate
plus MSC-conditioned
medium
• NO/CM/aBDNF:
DETANONOate plus MSC-
conditioned medium plus
neutralizing antibodies to
BDNF
26. CONCLUSION
• Human bone marrow derived
mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors
which protect rodent neurons from trophic
deprivation and nitric oxide-induced death.
• Therefore human MSC transplantation has
been shown to improve the outcome in a
variety of neurological diseases including
stroke and spinal cord injury.
27. REFERENCES
• Alastair Wilkins, Kevin Kemp et al., Human bone
marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells secrete
brain-derived neurotrophic factor which promotes
neuronal survival in vitro, Stem Cell Research, 2009,
3, 63–70.
• Hokari M., Kuroda S., Shichinohe H. et al., Bone
marrow stromal cells protect and repair damaged
neurons through multiple mechanisms,
Neuroscience, 2008, 1024-1035.
• Rice C.M., Scolding N.J., Autologous bone marrow
stem cells-properties and advantages, Neurological
Science, 2008, 265, 59-62.
28. • Parr A.M. Tator C.H., Bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stromal cells for the repair of central
nervous system injury, Bone Marrow
Transplantation, 2008, 40, 609–619.
• Rosser A.E., Zietlow R., Dunnett S.B., Stem cell
transplantation for neurodegenerative
diseases, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2007, 20, 688-692.
• http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v45/n8
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028455#
• http://www.journal-inflammation.com/content/2/1/8
