The document discusses different aspects of thinking and reasoning. It defines concepts as mental representations of categories that share common properties. It describes the hierarchy of concepts from superordinate to basic to subordinate levels. It also discusses heuristics like the representative and availability heuristics. There are different kinds of thinking such as directed, critical, creative, and associative thinking. Reasoning can be inductive, deductive, or analogical. Syllogisms are a form of deductive reasoning.

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Thinking
and Reasoning

2. Thinking
-manipulating mental representations
for any purpose

3. Concept
-mental representation of a category;
that is an internal portrait of a class
of objects, ideas or events that share
common properties
Category
-set of entities that are grouped
together

5. Hierarchy of Concepts
a. Superordinate level- an abstract level
in which members of a category
share few common features
b. Basic level- the broadest level at
which objects share common
attributes that are distinctive of the
concept
c. Subordinate level- more specific
attributes are shared by members of
a category

6. Heuristics
(cognitive shortcuts)

7.  Representative heuristic- people
categorise by matching the similarity
of an object or incident to a prototype
but ignore information about its
probability of occurring

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 Availability heuristic- people
essentially assume that events they
can recall are typical

9. Kinds of thinking

10. 1.Directed thinking- involves conscious
manipulation of representations

11. a. Critical thinking
- crucial evaluation or judgment of
something

12. b. Creative thinking
-involves the ability to produce new
forms

13. c. Brainstorming
-involves group of people to solve a
problem in free environment

14. d. Reasoning
- logical thinking or thinking with
objectives

15. Kinds of Reasoning
 Inductive reasoning- from particular
to general

16.  Deductive reasoning- from general to
specific

17. Syllogism- kind of deductive reasoning
consists of two (major and minor)
premises that lead to logical
conclusion

18.  Analogical reasoning- process by
which people understand a novel
situation in terms of a familiar one.

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2. Associative thinking- involves thinking
outside our awareness
a. Autistic thinking (daydreaming)- extreme
preoccupation with one’s own thoughts and
fantasies
b. Nightdreaming- is due to unconscious
impulses and it aims to satisfy a drive
c. Eidetic Imagery (Photographic minds)uncommonly vivid imagery

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Ariadne Cara Santos
Karen Camille Fabella