This document discusses different types and theories of thinking and problem solving. It describes thinking as using inner representations of objects and events, whether real or imagined. It outlines different types of thinking like directed, critical, and creative thinking. The document also discusses two theories about the location of thinking in the brain and contrasts peripheralists who believe thinking occurs through movement versus centralists who believe thinking occurs inside the brain. It provides definitions and processes for problem solving, creative thinking, and higher mental processes like autistic thinking and dreams.

1. Thinking
and
Problem Solving

2. Thinking

3. Thinking
-is type of behavior that uses as “inner
representations” of objects and events.
-the symbolic reference deals with
remembered,absent or imagined things and
events,including those and elaborates on what is
present in perception and movement

4. THINKING
Directed
Thinking
Critical
Thinking
Creative
Thinking

5. Thinking Process Involves:
a) The presence of a problem
b) A definition of the problem, involving
the arousal of relevant concepts
c) A weighing of relevance or probabilities
and
d) verification

6. Two theories that suggest differing functions
of the brain:
Peripheralists
-hold that all thinking goes
on muscular movement.
-all that psychology
requires is a stimulus –
response analysis of
thinking.
Centralists
-hold that thinking goes
on inside the brain and
nervous system and that
muscular movement
merely accompanies the
“central process”

7. Problem Solving

8. Problem Solving
*whenever goal-oriented activity is
blocked,or whenever a need remained
unfulfilled,or perplexity
unresolved,there is a problem.

9. * Solving a problems usually involves
discovering a correct response to a new
situation
*It involves the appropriate
combination of concepts ,ideas and
skills.

10. Habitual Set
Functional Fixedness

11. Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Verification
Creative Thinking
-is a process in which the individual generates an
original, unusual and productive solution to a
problem.

12. Kinds of Higher Mental Process
*Autistic
-thinking refers to fantasy and to the kind of
imaginative productions not primarily concerned
with reality or the solutions of problems.
*Dreams
-common with autistic thinking in that they
are motivated but not bound by reality.

13. Autistic Thinking

14. Dreams

15. Heuristics
Algorithm
Trial and
Error
Insight
Solving
Problems

16. Lacaden,Judy Ann
Dis-ing,Laurene
Ajan,Juliet