This document discusses different types of thinking including perceptual/concrete thinking, abstract thinking, reflective/logical thinking, creative thinking, critical thinking, convergent thinking, and divergent thinking. It defines thinking according to various scholars and describes the key characteristics and processes of different thinking types. The document also outlines stages of creative thinking and ways to develop creative thinking in pupils, as well as components and skills of metacognition such as metacognitive knowledge, regulation, experience, awareness, planning, monitoring and evaluating.

1. SURESH BABU G
ASST. PROFESSOR IN GENERAL
EDUCATION
CTE , CPAS PAIPPAD

2. Thinking
 Thinking consists of the cognitive rearrangement or
manipulation of both information from environment
and symbols stored in long-term memory.
 Thinking is the form of information processing that
goes on during the period between a stimulus event
and response to it.

3. Definition
 Ross:- “ Thinking is mental activity in its cognitive
aspect or mental activity with regard to psychological
objects”.
 Garret:- “ Thinking is behavior which is often implicit
and hidden and in which symbols (images, ideas , and
concepts) are ordinarily employed”.
 Mohsin :- “ Thinking is an implicit problem solving
behavior”.

4. Types of Thinking
 Perceptual or Concrete thinking
 Conceptual or Abstract thinking
 Reflective thinking or logical thinking
 Creative thinking
 Critical Thinking
 Convergent thinking
 Divergent thinking

5.  Concrete thinking – Its basis is perception or concrete
object
 Abstract thinking – Based on Concepts , generalized
ideas
 Reflective thinking – Based on problem solving
 Creative thinking – Based on creating new
 Critical thinking –It us the ability to think clearly and
rationally . It includes the ability to engage in
reflection and independent thinking.

6. Convergent thinking
 It is concerned with a particular end result
 The thinker gather information relevant to the
problem and then proceeds by using problem solving
rules
 The result of convergent thinking is usually a solution
 Not a type of thinking one primarily uses when they
think creatively
 In convergent thinking the person is good at bringing
material from a variety of sources to solve a problem to
produce the correct answer

7. Divergent Thinking
 It is not concerned with a particular end result
 In divergent thinking one tend to think in a divergent
manner thus having many varied thoughts about a
problem
 The result of the divergent thinking is usually many
solution for a problem
 Divergent thinking is a type of thinking one primarily
uses when they think creatively
 In divergent thinking skill is in broadly elaborated of
ideas prompted by a stimulus

8. Creative thinking
 This type of thinking is chiefly aimed to create
something new.
 It is in search of new relationships and associations to
describe and interpret the nature of things , events
and situations.
 The person himself usually formulates the problem
and he is free to gather evidence and invent tools for
its solution.

9. Stages of Creative thinking
 Stage of preparation- focuses attention on problem,
organizing data , defining problem and producing relevant
ideas
 The stage of incubation – Person test the idea , flashes of
insight and trial judgment occurs. This is a period of no
obvious activity and progress. The problem is being solved
unconsciously.
 The stage of illumination- This is called “Eureka” when the
individual suddenly perceive the theme and relationship
among the various components of the problem
 Revision – Here the individual reflects , evaluates and
submits to critical appraisal.

10. Developing creative thinking in
pupils
 Freedom to respond
 Opportunity for ego involvement
 Encouraging originality and flexibility
 Providing appropriate opportunities and atmosphere
for creativity expression
 Developing healthy habits among children
 Using creative resources of the community
 Proper organization of the curriculum

15. Components
 Metacognitive Knowledge
 Metacognitive regulation
 Metacognitive experience

16. Metacognitive Awareness
 Declarative Knowledge
 Procedural Knowledge
 Conditional Knowledge

17. Metacognitive Skills
 Planning
 Monitoring
 Evaluating

19. THaNks