THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
The Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions through the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain, which is the most complex organ, contains structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem that control functions like movement, balance, vision, and basic life processes. The cerebrum contains lobes that control functions like memory, speech, and emotion. The spinal cord extends from the brain and contains regions that nerves connect to throughout the body.
The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is contained within the skull and is made up of around 100 billion neurons divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It controls vital functions like movement, sleep, emotions, and interprets signals from the body and environment. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance while the brain stem connects the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is a cylinder of nerve tissue that transmits signals between the brain and body through spinal nerves.
The document summarizes the main parts of the brain and nervous system. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part which controls functions like movement, speech, memory and emotion. It notes each hemisphere controls different functions. It also outlines the cerebellum controls balance and movement, while the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate hormones and body processes like appetite. The nervous system allows messages to flow between the brain and body.
The brain is a three-pound organ responsible for all mental functions and control of vital activities. It contains over 100 billion neurons at birth. The document describes the development of the brain before and at birth, including the separation of the medulla, cerebellum, and cerebrum by the fourth month and the appearance of an indent on the cerebrum by the sixth month. It then provides details about several parts of the brain in response to a series of questions.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the major parts of the human brain. It describes how the hindbrain carries out basic functions like autonomic functions and sleep control. The midbrain coordinates signals by filtering sensory input. The forebrain processes signals, stores memories, and enables higher thought. It then provides more detail on the specific regions within these areas like the cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and lobes of the cerebrum and their roles in functions like memory, movement, sensory processing, language, and emotion.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves). The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The midbrain contains the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain comprises the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. Each region of the brain controls different functions, from basic functions like breathing and heartbeat to higher functions like memory, language, and decision making. Sensory nerves gather information and motor neurons deliver instructions from the brain to the body.
The document discusses the basics of the human brain, including that it is the central organ of the nervous system and is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The brain performs critical functions like attention, concentration, self-monitoring, organization, speaking, motor planning, awareness, personality, mental flexibility, and inhibition of behavior.
The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions through the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain, which is the most complex organ, contains structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem that control functions like movement, balance, vision, and basic life processes. The cerebrum contains lobes that control functions like memory, speech, and emotion. The spinal cord extends from the brain and contains regions that nerves connect to throughout the body.
The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is contained within the skull and is made up of around 100 billion neurons divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It controls vital functions like movement, sleep, emotions, and interprets signals from the body and environment. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance while the brain stem connects the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is a cylinder of nerve tissue that transmits signals between the brain and body through spinal nerves.
The document summarizes the main parts of the brain and nervous system. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part which controls functions like movement, speech, memory and emotion. It notes each hemisphere controls different functions. It also outlines the cerebellum controls balance and movement, while the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate hormones and body processes like appetite. The nervous system allows messages to flow between the brain and body.
The brain is a three-pound organ responsible for all mental functions and control of vital activities. It contains over 100 billion neurons at birth. The document describes the development of the brain before and at birth, including the separation of the medulla, cerebellum, and cerebrum by the fourth month and the appearance of an indent on the cerebrum by the sixth month. It then provides details about several parts of the brain in response to a series of questions.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the major parts of the human brain. It describes how the hindbrain carries out basic functions like autonomic functions and sleep control. The midbrain coordinates signals by filtering sensory input. The forebrain processes signals, stores memories, and enables higher thought. It then provides more detail on the specific regions within these areas like the cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and lobes of the cerebrum and their roles in functions like memory, movement, sensory processing, language, and emotion.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves). The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The midbrain contains the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain comprises the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. Each region of the brain controls different functions, from basic functions like breathing and heartbeat to higher functions like memory, language, and decision making. Sensory nerves gather information and motor neurons deliver instructions from the brain to the body.
The document discusses the basics of the human brain, including that it is the central organ of the nervous system and is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The brain performs critical functions like attention, concentration, self-monitoring, organization, speaking, motor planning, awareness, personality, mental flexibility, and inhibition of behavior.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through different lobes and structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. The cerebrum controls voluntary actions through four lobes, while the cerebellum coordinates movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes.
The nervous system, Its Types, The Human Brain, Functions And fun facts Imibro2012
The human brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum is the largest part and controls functions like sight, hearing, speech, movement, reasoning, thinking, and decision making. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and controls eye and hearing reflexes. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum controls body balance and movement, while the pons controls sleep, wakefulness, and breathing rate. The medulla controls vital automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into lobes that control motor skills, language, sensory perception, and more.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body. It is composed of cranial and spinal nerves.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) coordinates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
- Damage to different parts of the brain and spinal cord can result in various neurological disorders affecting functions like movement, speech, senses.
The human brain is composed of several areas that each serve distinct functions. The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for higher-level functions like thought and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, while the medulla controls involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing. Different areas of the brain can be electrically stimulated to map their connections to sensory and motor functions throughout the body.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human brain. It is divided into three main regions - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls muscle movement, thinking, and emotions. The thalamus relays sensory signals and is involved in consciousness. The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems and controls pituitary secretions. The midbrain connects the forebrain and hindbrain and controls some auditory reflexes and posture. The hindbrain contains the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. The medulla regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The cere
The document summarizes the main parts of the human brain: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It describes each part's location and functions. The forebrain contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and limbic system. The cerebrum controls movement, speech, intelligence, and more. The thalamus carries sensory information to the cerebrum. The limbic system controls responses like hunger, fear, and anger. The midbrain controls reflexes and hearing. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum controls balance and movement. The pons controls sleep and breathing. The medulla controls automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, and swallow
The human brain is one of the most mysterious and inexplicable things in human biology. Though a lot of research has been done, we still have much more to learn about the lobes of the brain.
Lesson 1 the structure and function of the brain 2015coburgpsych
The document summarizes the main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It describes the key functions of each lobe, including motor control and planning in the frontal lobe, somatosensory processing in the parietal lobe, auditory processing and language comprehension in the temporal lobe, and visual processing in the occipital lobe. Within each lobe, it distinguishes between primary areas that receive sensory input and association areas that integrate information for higher-level functions like speech, memory, and visual recognition.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center located in the head and is made up of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls functions like sensory processing, thinking, language, and motor control. It contains the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes. The midbrain connects the hindbrain and forebrain and controls auditory, visual, and motor functions. The hindbrain extends from the spinal cord and contains the cerebellum and pons. The cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance. The spinal cord runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body.
The forebrain contains several important structures and is located at the front of the brain. It contains the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges. The limbic system controls behaviors like motivation and emotions. The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information to and from the brain. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that control eating, drinking, temperature, and stress levels. The hippocampus stores new memories.
The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each responsible for different functions like planning, sensation, memory, and vision. Within the cerebrum lies the limbic system which regulates emotion and memory. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary actions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Specific areas of the brain are associated with vision, language, emotion, memory, and other cognitive and motor functions.
The document provides an overview of the structure and organization of the vertebrate nervous system. It describes the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures like the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Research methods to study the brain include examining brain anatomy, recording brain activity, studying brain damage effects, and stimulating specific brain regions.
The brain is the most complex organ, weighing around 1.4 kg on average. It contains approximately 100 billion neurons and is protected by the skull and meninges. The brain has three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like thought and memory, and is divided into four lobes. The cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. Sensory systems allow humans to receive internal and external stimuli through sense organs and the nervous system.
The brain can be divided into four lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor skills, and language. The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch. The temporal lobe includes the auditory cortex and hippocampus. The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli.
Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.umarawkum
The document discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main components and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and how damage to different parts can impact emotions, memory, movement and other bodily functions. Diseases that can damage parts of the forebrain like the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the cerebrum and its four major lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal). It describes the lobes, sulci, gyri, fissures and cortical regions of the brain. Key points include the functions of the frontal lobe in memory, emotion and reasoning. It also discusses the case study of Phineas Gage and how his frontal lobe injury impacted his personality.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. It describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which controls involuntary body functions. Key parts of the CNS like the brain lobes and ventricles are defined. The roles of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters in nerve signal transmission are summarized. Common nervous system disorders are also listed.
The fore brain receives information from the hind brain and midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere - the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes. The frontal lobe controls motor functions, the occipital lobe handles visual functions, the temporal lobe manages auditory and language functions, and the parietal lobe focuses on somatosensory functions. Damage to different areas of the fore brain can cause distinct issues, such as cortical blindness from occipital lobe damage or inability to comprehend language with temporal lobe injury.
The document outlines the main organs and components of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It describes the four main sections of the brain - the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem - and their functions. It also discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and somatic nervous system.
GENERAL INFORMATION
GOVERNANCE
FINANCING
MENTAL HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
Mental Health Services
Access to care
HUMAN RESOURCES
MEDICINES
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
This document summarizes various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and shock. It defines edema as increased fluid in tissues and discusses common sites of edema such as subcutaneous, pulmonary, and brain edema. It also defines hyperemia as a local increase in blood volume, congestion as passive hyperemia, and discusses common sites of congestion such as pulmonary and liver congestion. Additionally, it discusses hemorrhage as blood vessel rupture and various types including petechiae, purpura, and bruises. Finally, it defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion and discusses the different types and stages of shock.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through different lobes and structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. The cerebrum controls voluntary actions through four lobes, while the cerebellum coordinates movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes.
The nervous system, Its Types, The Human Brain, Functions And fun facts Imibro2012
The human brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum is the largest part and controls functions like sight, hearing, speech, movement, reasoning, thinking, and decision making. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and controls eye and hearing reflexes. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum controls body balance and movement, while the pons controls sleep, wakefulness, and breathing rate. The medulla controls vital automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into lobes that control motor skills, language, sensory perception, and more.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body. It is composed of cranial and spinal nerves.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) coordinates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
- Damage to different parts of the brain and spinal cord can result in various neurological disorders affecting functions like movement, speech, senses.
The human brain is composed of several areas that each serve distinct functions. The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for higher-level functions like thought and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, while the medulla controls involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing. Different areas of the brain can be electrically stimulated to map their connections to sensory and motor functions throughout the body.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human brain. It is divided into three main regions - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls muscle movement, thinking, and emotions. The thalamus relays sensory signals and is involved in consciousness. The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems and controls pituitary secretions. The midbrain connects the forebrain and hindbrain and controls some auditory reflexes and posture. The hindbrain contains the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. The medulla regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The cere
The document summarizes the main parts of the human brain: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It describes each part's location and functions. The forebrain contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and limbic system. The cerebrum controls movement, speech, intelligence, and more. The thalamus carries sensory information to the cerebrum. The limbic system controls responses like hunger, fear, and anger. The midbrain controls reflexes and hearing. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum controls balance and movement. The pons controls sleep and breathing. The medulla controls automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, and swallow
The human brain is one of the most mysterious and inexplicable things in human biology. Though a lot of research has been done, we still have much more to learn about the lobes of the brain.
Lesson 1 the structure and function of the brain 2015coburgpsych
The document summarizes the main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It describes the key functions of each lobe, including motor control and planning in the frontal lobe, somatosensory processing in the parietal lobe, auditory processing and language comprehension in the temporal lobe, and visual processing in the occipital lobe. Within each lobe, it distinguishes between primary areas that receive sensory input and association areas that integrate information for higher-level functions like speech, memory, and visual recognition.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center located in the head and is made up of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls functions like sensory processing, thinking, language, and motor control. It contains the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes. The midbrain connects the hindbrain and forebrain and controls auditory, visual, and motor functions. The hindbrain extends from the spinal cord and contains the cerebellum and pons. The cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance. The spinal cord runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body.
The forebrain contains several important structures and is located at the front of the brain. It contains the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges. The limbic system controls behaviors like motivation and emotions. The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information to and from the brain. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that control eating, drinking, temperature, and stress levels. The hippocampus stores new memories.
The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each responsible for different functions like planning, sensation, memory, and vision. Within the cerebrum lies the limbic system which regulates emotion and memory. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary actions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Specific areas of the brain are associated with vision, language, emotion, memory, and other cognitive and motor functions.
The document provides an overview of the structure and organization of the vertebrate nervous system. It describes the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures like the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Research methods to study the brain include examining brain anatomy, recording brain activity, studying brain damage effects, and stimulating specific brain regions.
The brain is the most complex organ, weighing around 1.4 kg on average. It contains approximately 100 billion neurons and is protected by the skull and meninges. The brain has three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like thought and memory, and is divided into four lobes. The cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. Sensory systems allow humans to receive internal and external stimuli through sense organs and the nervous system.
The brain can be divided into four lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor skills, and language. The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch. The temporal lobe includes the auditory cortex and hippocampus. The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli.
Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.umarawkum
The document discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main components and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and how damage to different parts can impact emotions, memory, movement and other bodily functions. Diseases that can damage parts of the forebrain like the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the cerebrum and its four major lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal). It describes the lobes, sulci, gyri, fissures and cortical regions of the brain. Key points include the functions of the frontal lobe in memory, emotion and reasoning. It also discusses the case study of Phineas Gage and how his frontal lobe injury impacted his personality.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. It describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which controls involuntary body functions. Key parts of the CNS like the brain lobes and ventricles are defined. The roles of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters in nerve signal transmission are summarized. Common nervous system disorders are also listed.
The fore brain receives information from the hind brain and midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere - the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes. The frontal lobe controls motor functions, the occipital lobe handles visual functions, the temporal lobe manages auditory and language functions, and the parietal lobe focuses on somatosensory functions. Damage to different areas of the fore brain can cause distinct issues, such as cortical blindness from occipital lobe damage or inability to comprehend language with temporal lobe injury.
The document outlines the main organs and components of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It describes the four main sections of the brain - the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem - and their functions. It also discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and somatic nervous system.
GENERAL INFORMATION
GOVERNANCE
FINANCING
MENTAL HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
Mental Health Services
Access to care
HUMAN RESOURCES
MEDICINES
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
This document summarizes various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and shock. It defines edema as increased fluid in tissues and discusses common sites of edema such as subcutaneous, pulmonary, and brain edema. It also defines hyperemia as a local increase in blood volume, congestion as passive hyperemia, and discusses common sites of congestion such as pulmonary and liver congestion. Additionally, it discusses hemorrhage as blood vessel rupture and various types including petechiae, purpura, and bruises. Finally, it defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion and discusses the different types and stages of shock.
Happiness is described as a range of positive emotions like joy, pride, and gratitude. It also involves a deeper sense of meaning and purpose. Our feelings are the result of chemical reactions involving hormones. Certain hormones like dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, phenylethamine, oxytocin, and ghrelin can make us feel good by being released in response to things like exercise, sunlight exposure, eating, relationships and affection. While adrenaline rushes may temporarily make us feel good, the subsequent cortisol increase can have negative long term effects on mood, memory, and fatigue levels. Simply altering hormones likely won't provide prolonged happiness without also addressing underlying problems or issues.
This document discusses varnishes used in dentistry and summarizes the properties of two common bases - glass ionomer and zinc oxide eugenol. Glass ionomer can release fluoride ions, bonds to enamel and dentin, and is radiopaque. Zinc oxide eugenol is a sealer that seals dentinal tubules, flows easily but evaporates quickly, is sedative to the pulp, insulates and protects the pulp from thermal forces, and contains eugenol which has a calming effect on the pulp. Both materials are compatible with all dental restorative materials.
Pulmonology
Variations in nomenclature
Diagnosis
Procedures
Surgical procedures
Treatment and therapeutics
Education and training
Pediatric pulmonologist
Scientific research
History of pulmonology
This document discusses dentinogenesis imperfecta, dentin dysplasia, and their clinical signs. It notes that dentinogenesis imperfecta type II usually occurs without other inherited disorders. The document lists dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia multiple times and is signed by Ahmed Abdulwahab with a student ID provided.
Word AIDS is an shortcut of the phrase acquired immune deficiency syndrome
How AIDS destroys the immune system ????
Modes of transmission of the disease:
Symptoms of the disease:
AIDS prevention:
This document discusses tumors of the salivary glands, dividing them into benign and malignant types. The most common benign tumor is the pleomorphic adenoma, which usually presents as a slow-growing, painless mass in the parotid gland or palate. Malignant tumors are graded based on appearance and include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor but generally involves surgical excision with radiation therapy for malignant types.
Hemophilia A is the most common form of hemophilia, caused by reduced levels or activity of coagulation factor VIII. This leads to prolonged and unstable clot formation when bleeding occurs. Symptoms can range from bleeding after circumcision or venipuncture in infants to spontaneous bleeding in joints in older patients. Diagnosis involves tests that show prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and low factor VIII levels. Treatment replaces the missing clotting factor, with severity and location of bleeding determining dosage. Preventative treatment and education on self-administered factor replacement can help manage symptoms.
This document discusses dental veneers, which are thin shells made of tooth-colored materials that are bonded to the front of teeth. The document outlines that veneers are used for cosmetic purposes to improve poorly shaped, stained, cracked, or misaligned teeth. It lists appropriate indications and contraindications for veneers and notes advantages like improved aesthetics and durability, while disadvantages include being irreversible and sensitivity after placement. The document concludes by describing the technique for veneer preparation, impression-taking, try-in, and cementation.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone marrow that typically begins in the cancellous bone and spreads to cortical bone and periosteum. It is caused by a failure of microcirculation in cancellous bone and establishment of infection. While it can affect the maxilla, osteomyelitis more commonly impacts the mandible due to its blood supply originating from the inferior alveolar artery. Osteomyelitis of the mandible is usually preceded by odontogenic infections or mandible fractures and is more likely to occur in immunocompromised individuals. It is treated through surgical debridement, antibiotic administration, and stabilization of mandible fractures.
This document defines different types of camera shots including extreme close-up, close-up, mid shot, long shot, point of view, low angle, and high angle shots. Each shot type conveys different information such as showing details in an object, emotion and dialogue, body language, location and setting, a character's perspective, dominance or weakness through camera angle.
Mercure SPM (Security Process Management)
This is the world's first security management system developed by UITSEC. It allows the detection of errors or conflict of interests that may occur and aims to automatically manage all safety procedures within an organization with its comprehensive and manageable structure. It aims to cover everyone from vice president to IT Manager, security experts to outsource companies by combining the information security, IT security, governance, cyber security and service level - service management.
Name / Surname
Aula 2. artigo chevallard (2013). sobre a teroria da transposição didaticaKarlla Costa
O documento discute brevemente a Teoria da Transposição Didática de Yves Chevallard. Apresenta três pontos principais: 1) A ciência se preocupa com fenômenos, não fatos isolados. 2) Sistemas educacionais são sistemas antropológicos, cuja objetividade científica pode ser questionada pelos atores do sistema. 3) Professores, em particular, podem contestar análises externas da organização do ensino e do conhecimento ensinado.
Aula 3. artigo durand (2000). forms of-incompetenceKarlla Costa
This document summarizes a case study of organizational incompetence in innovation at a large consumer goods company called Antinnova Inc. Interviews with managers revealed several issues: 1) there was no shared understanding of what innovation means, with differing views on process vs. product innovation; 2) the company's research center operated independently without clear priorities or deadlines set by management; 3) researchers looked down on engineers and marketing requirements and were disconnected from manufacturing; 4) while researchers distanced themselves from others, they still craved recognition within the organization. These findings suggest Antinnova lacked coordination and integration across functions needed for effective product development.
Aula 2. artigo cavalcanti e gayo (2005). andragogia na educação universitaria.Karlla Costa
1) O documento discute as diferenças entre a pedagogia tradicional e a andragogia, que é a ciência da educação de adultos.
2) A pedagogia tradicional vê o aluno como passivo, enquanto a andragogia enfatiza a autonomia e experiência do aluno adulto.
3) A andragogia deve ser o modelo para a educação universitária, já que a maioria dos estudantes são adolescentes ou adultos jovens em busca de autodesenvolvimento.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS), including its major components and functions. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through structures like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Key structures in the CNS include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The peripheral nervous system connects to the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves.
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is responsible for higher functions like speech, reasoning, and movement. It is divided into four lobes - frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital - which each have distinct functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, while the brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and controls automatic functions like breathing.
The document provides information about various parts of the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the brain's cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, hindbrain including the cerebellum, pons and medulla. It also covers the spinal cord and factors that can affect the nervous system such as stress, depression, and behavioral symptoms.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by membranes, bones, and cerebrospinal fluid. It contains neurons and is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls functions like emotions and memory. The spinal cord extends from the brain down the back and connects to all parts of the body, controlling movement and carrying sensory information. It is divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the basic functional unit of the neuron and its main parts. It discusses the different types of cells in the nervous system including neuroglial cells and neurotransmitters. It outlines the divisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and describes key structures and functions of the brain and spinal cord.
The nervous system is the body's command center that controls functions like movement, thoughts, digestion and breathing. It has four main functions - receiving sensory information, integrating sensory information, processing information, and generating responses. The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls higher functions like thought and language. The midbrain controls eye movement and processes sensory information. The hindbrain regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are covered by three layers of meninges. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of four lobes that control functions like movement, sensation, thought, and memory. The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory information and control autonomic functions respectively. The midbrain relays information between the brain and spinal cord. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which coordinate movement, relay information, and control vital functions. The spinal
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the main parts of the brain as the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is divided into four lobes that control functions like movement, sensation, vision, and language. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Other parts discussed include the thalamus and hypothalamus, which regulate sensation and autonomic body processes respectively.
The document discusses the nervous system, which is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information and controls responses through the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body through nerves and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, which causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and epilepsy, which involves seizures.
The nervous system is composed of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes all other neurons. Sensory neurons collect information and transmit it to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to tissues. The brain controls homeostasis and interprets sensory information. It is composed of regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The peripheral nervous system includes sensory receptors, motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials generated by ion flow across membranes. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons. Sensory systems allow the detection of stimuli
Introduction to central nervous system – structure,.pptxPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
Introduction to central nervous system – Structure, Function & DiseasesPavithra L N
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and spinal cord by the vertebrae. The brain controls bodily functions through different regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body. The central nervous system contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with axons and glial cells that support neurons.
This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main parts and the structure and functions of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The major divisions of the cerebrum are described in detail, including the lobes and functional areas. The functions of other parts of the brain like the cerebellum, brain stem, and hypothalamus are also summarized briefly.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The (CNS) is the major division, and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain.
Anatomy And Physiology Of The Nervous System Ch12normag792003
The document discusses the main organs of the nervous system including the brain, nerves, and spinal cord. It describes the four main sections of the brain - cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem - and provides details on the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions. It also outlines the roles of the cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and somatic nerves.
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits signals between parts. It controls voluntary and involuntary activities to help the body adjust. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and the autonomic system for involuntary functions like breathing and digestion. Within the autonomic system are the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems that regulate internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals through the nervous system.
The document summarizes the major parts and functions of the human brain. It discusses the three main divisions of the brain - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Within each division it describes the specific structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It provides details on the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions in vision, movement, memory, and more. Overall, the summary explains the complex organization of the brain and how different structures work together to control the body's functions and processes sensory information.
This document provides an overview of the biological bases of behavior, including:
1) It describes the basic units of the nervous system, neurons, and how they transmit signals via action potentials and synaptic transmission.
2) It outlines the three main parts of the brain - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain - and describes the functions of key structures like the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
3) It briefly introduces the endocrine system and how hormones regulate critical bodily functions like reproduction, stress response, growth, and energy levels.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls thought and movement. It is divided into four lobes with different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. The spinal cord runs through the vertebrae and gives rise to spinal nerves. Nerves transmit signals between the CNS and body.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by viruses, alcohol ...Ahmed Al-Dawoodi
HBV is vaccine-preventable but can lead to chronic illness, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Healthcare workers, including dental practitioners, are at high risk due to close contact with bodily fluids.
Despite efforts to control transmission, there's still a risk, especially in healthcare settings.
The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental practitioners regarding HBV infection, aiming to identify gaps and improve awareness and practices among dentists.
This document discusses squamous cell carcinoma, including its definition, causes, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment. The main extrinsic factors that can cause oral squamous cell carcinoma are tobacco smoke, alcohol, sunlight, smokeless tobacco, betel quid, occupational exposures, pollution, and radiation. Intrinsic factors include malnutrition, anemia, genetic disorders, vitamin deficiencies, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and immunosuppression. Clinically, it may present as an exophytic or endophytic lesion, ulcer, or leukoplakic/erythroplakic patch. Histopathological examination is required for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the size and extent of the lesion.
Procedures of Recording Maxillo-Mandibular Relations
Checking extension, retention, and stability of occlusion rim
Establishing proper facial contour
Orientation of the occlusal plane
Determination of vertical dimensions
Mounting maxillary cast according to face-bow
Registration of centric occluding relations
Registration of eccentric jaw relations
General principles of periodontal surgery
All surgical procedures should be carefully planned. The patient should be adequately prepared medically, psychologically, and practically for all aspects of the intervention.
Surgical periodontal procedures are usually performed in the dental office.
The following findings may indicate the need for a surgical phase of therapy:
1. Areas with irregular bony contours, deep craters, and other defects usually require surgical approach.
2. Pockets on teeth in which a complete removal of root irritants is not considered clinically possible may call for surgery. This occurs frequently in molar and premolar areas.
3. In cases of furcation involvement of grade II or III, a surgical approach ensures the removal of irritants; any necessary root resection or hemisection also requires surgical intervention.
4. Intrabony pockets on distal areas of last molars, frequently complicated by mucogingival problems, are usually unresponsive to nonsurgical methods.
5. Persistent inflammation in areas with moderate to deep pockets may require a surgical approach. In areas with shallow pockets or normal sulci, persistent inflammation may point to the presence of a mucogingival problem that needs a surgical solution.
Patient Preparation
Reevaluation after Phase I Therapy.
Almost every patient undergoes the so-called initial or preparatory phase of therapy, which basically consists of thorough scaling and root planing and removing all irritants responsible for the periodontal inflammation. These procedures (1) eliminate some lesions entirely; (2) render the tissues more firm and consistent, thus permitting a more accurate and delicate surgery; and (3) acquaint the patient with the office and the operator and assistants, thereby reducing the patient’s apprehension and fear.
Premedication
For patients who are not medically compromised, the value of administering antibiotics routinely for periodontal surgery has not been clearly demonstrated. However, some studies have reported reduced postoperative complications, including reduced pain and swelling, when antibiotics are given before periodontal surgery and continued for 4 to 7 days after surgery.
Smoking
The deleterious effect of smoking on healing of periodontal wounds has been amply documented. Patients should be clearly informed of this fact and asked to quit or stop smoking for a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks after the procedure. For patients who are unwilling to follow this advice, an alternate treatment plan that does not include more sophisticated techniques (e.g., regenerative, mucogingival, esthetic) should be considered.
Trauma is the most important cause of unilateral blindness in the world.
Up until the end of the last century, it accounted for approximately 1.6 million cases of blindness.
The cause of the injuries varies. Work-related accidental injuries, assaults.
Men are at significantly higher risk (approximately four times higher) than women.
Injuries range from mild to severe, and can affect any anatomical structure of the eye.
Trigeminal nerve
5th cranial nerve (CN5)
Largest cranial nerve
MIXED CRANIAL NERVE
Sensory to face – 3 dermatomes
Motor to muscles of mastication
The trigeminal nerve exits from the anterolateral surface of the pons as a large sensory root and a small motor root.
These roots continue forward out of the posterior cranial fossa and into the middle cranial fossa by passing over the medial tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone .
In the middle cranial fossa the sensory root expands into the trigeminal ganglion, which contains cell bodies for the sensory neurons in the trigeminal nerve and is comparable to a spinal ganglion.
The ganglion is in a depression (the trigeminal depression) on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone, in a dural cave (the trigeminal cave ).
The motor root is below and completely separate from the sensory root at this point.
Arising from the anterior border of the trigeminal ganglion are the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, which in descending order are:
The ophthalmic nerve V1
The maxillary nerve V2
The mandibular nerve V3
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder defined by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Diagnosis of children up to the age of 16 years requires the presence of at least 6 symptoms of inattention or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least 6 months in two or more environments. Children 17 years of age and older must exhibit at least 5 symptoms of inattention or at least 5 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity.
Parotidectomy under general anaesthesia a case reportAhmed Al-Dawoodi
Warthin tumor is a benign neoplasm that occurs almost exclusively in the parotid gland. Although it is much less common than the pleomorphic adenoma, it represents the second most common benign parotid tumor, accounting for 5% to 14% of all parotid neoplasms.
A 57-year-old male patient was referred to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery for treatment. Patient gave an eight-year history of swelling in the left parotid region. Patient did not complain of any pain. Initially, the swelling was small in size and showed a gradual increase to its present dimensions. Rate of growth is slow. Clinical examination revealed a firm, non tender swelling on the left parotid region , oval in shape of size approx 5.2 × 4 × 3cm.
Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and both together (CLP).
A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A cleft palate is when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent ear infections. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders.
Considerations for managing partial tooth loss Six Phases of Partial Denture ...Ahmed Al-Dawoodi
Partial denture service may be logically divided into six phases.
The first phase is related to patient education. The second phase includes diagnosis, treatment planning, design of the partial denture framework, treatment sequencing, and execution of mouth preparations. The third phase is the provision of adequate support for the distal extension denture base. The fourth phase is establishment and verification of harmonious occlusal relationships and tooth relationships with opposing and remaining natural teeth. The fifth phase involves initial placement procedures, including adjustments to the contours and bearing surfaces of denture bases, adjustments to ensure occlusal harmony, and a review of instructions given the patient to optimally maintain oral structures and provided restorations. The sixth and final phase of partial denture service consists of follow-up services by the dentist through recall appointments for periodic evaluation of the responses of oral tissue to restorations and of the acceptance of restorations by the patient. The following is an overview of these phases.
Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin causes diabetes.
The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2 Former names for these conditions were insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes.
.Type 1 diabetes
.Type 2 diabetes
.Symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
.Diagnosis
.Treatment
.Medical complications & Oral complications
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin causes diabetes.
The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2 Former names for these conditions were insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes.
This case report describes the treatment of a 11-year old boy who suffered multiple facial fractures including fractures of the mandibular body and condyle, avulsion of a maxillary lateral incisor, and a horizontal root fracture of a maxillary central incisor from an automobile accident. Initial examination revealed abrasions, lacerations, limited mouth opening, and deviation upon opening. CBCT imaging showed fractures of the mandibular body, condyle, and lingual side. Treatment included closed reduction techniques, a vacuum formed splint, brackets on posterior teeth, analgesics, antibiotics, and endodontic therapy. Follow up at 18 months and 6 years showed healing of the fractures with normal jaw function and movement restored.
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, a substance that forms the majority of teeth. Dentinogenesis is performed by odontoblasts, which are a special type of biological cell on the outer wall of dental pulps, and it begins at the late bell stage of a tooth development. The different stages of dentin formation after differentiation of the cell result in different types of dentin: mantle dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.
The scalp is the soft tissue that covers the skull. It has several layers: skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. The skin is thick and hairy. Below the skin is a dense connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. The aponeurosis is a layer of connective tissue made up of the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle. Below this is the loose areolar tissue, and deepest is the pericranium/periosteum of the skull. The scalp receives its blood supply from multiple arteries and veins on both the front and back of the ear, and is inner
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
2. THE SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord is the most important structure between the
body and the brain.
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it
is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or
second lumbar vertebrae.
It is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the
body to the brain.
3. The spinal cord is 40 to 50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter. Two consecutive
rows of nerve roots emerge on each of its sides. These nerve roots join distally to
form 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue composed of white and
gray matter, is uniformly organized and is divided into four regions:
cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S),
each of which is comprised of several segments.
The spinal nerve contains motor and
sensory nerve fibers to and from all parts of the body.
Each spinal cord segment innervates a dermatome.
4. White Matter of the Spinal Cord
The white matter of the spinal cord is composed of
myelinated and unmyelinated axons that allow
communication between different parts of the spinal cord
and between the cord and brain.
These fibers are classified as being one of three types,
according to the direction in which they carry nerve
impulses:
5. 1. Ascending. Most of the ascending fibers in the spinal
cord carry sensory information from the sensory neuron
of the body up to the brain.
2. Descending. Most descending fibers carry motor instructions from
the brain to the spinal cord, to stimulate contraction of the body’s
muscles and secretion from its glands.
3. Commissural. A commissure is a bundle of axons that
crosses from one side of the CNS to the other, and commissural
fibers are white-matter
fibers that carry information
from one side of the
spinal cord to the other.
6. Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord
and Spinal Roots
Spinal gray matter is butterfly-shaped.
It extends from the ependymal cells lining the central canal
to the surrounding white matter.
Spinal gray matter is divided bilaterally into dorsal horn,
intermediate substance, and ventral horn.
At thoracolumbar levels, intermediate substance features a
lateral horn.
Intermediate substance
lacks precise boundaries;
in general, it is around the
central canal and between
dorsal and ventral horns.
7. THE BRAIN
The brain performs the most complex neural functions
those associated with intelligence, consciousness, memory,
sensory-motor integration, and so on. In addition to these
higher-level tasks, the brain also controls basic life-sustaining
Activities heart rate, respiratory rate, and maintenance of
blood pressure and maintains the internal environment
through control of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine
system. Furthermore, through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the
brain is involved in innervation of the head.
It is approximately two large handfuls
of pinkish gray tissue,somewhat the
consistency of cold oatmeal.
The average adult
human brain weighs about 1500 g,
or 3.3 pounds.
8. Basic Parts and Organization
of the Brain
Frontal Lobe
Let's start with the frontal lobe. As you will remember
from the basic anatomy study guide, the frontal lobe is
the front-most part of the brain. It is also the most
diverse lobe of the brain. The frontal lobe is highly
involved in cognitive functions, such as:
Working memory
Judgment, planning, problem solving and reasoning
The frontal lobe, on the left hemisphere, is also the
location of Broca's area. This is a region for language,
involved in forming coherent words and sentences.
Part of the motor cortex is also in the frontal lobe. In
addition, the frontal lobe does have some involvement
in emotions.
9. Parietal Lobe
The next lobe is the parietal lobe, which is behind the frontal lobe located toward the
top of the head. The sensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe, which receives
stimuli regarding:
.Temperature
.Pain
.Pressure
.Touch
Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe is located behind the frontal lobe and below the parietal lobe. The
main thing to remember about the temporal lobe is that it is involved in memory, as it
contains the hippocampus. The temporal lobe also contains a language section in the
left hemisphere: it is called Wernicke's area, which is involved in understanding
language. The other main function of the temporal lobe is hearing.
10. Occipital Lobe
The last lobe of the cerebrum is the occipital lobe, which is located at
the back of the head. The occipital lobe's main function is vision, which
includes the visual-perception system. The occipital lobe can also
discern color and movement.
Cerebellum
Remember, the cerebellum is separate from the cerebrum. It is located
toward the base of the brain and looks different from the rest of the
brain. The main functions of the cerebellum are the motor skills, such
as:
.Coordination
.Voluntary motor movement coordination
.Balance
.Muscle tone
11. Brain Stem
Remember, the cerebellum is separate from the cerebrum. It is located
toward the base of the brain and looks different from the rest of the brain.
The main functions of the cerebellum are the motor skills, such as:
.Coordination
.Voluntary motor movement coordination
.Balance
.Muscle tone
Although the brain stem is the small, it is responsible for many of the
involuntary actions that are needed to live.
12. The Brain stem
Brainstem - The lower extension of the brain where it
connects to the spinal cord.
Neurological functions located in the brainstem include
those necessary for survival
(breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for
arousal (being awake and alert).
Most of the cranial nerves come from the brainstem. The
brainstem is the pathway for all fiber
tracts passing up and down from
peripheral nerves and spinal
cord to the highest parts
of the brain.
13. Medulla Oblongata
The medulla oblongata functions primarily as a relay station
for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord and
the brain.
It also contains the respiratory, vasomotor and cardiac
centers, as well as many mechanisms for controlling reflex
activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and
vomiting..
14. Midbrain
The midbrain serves as the nerve pathway of the cerebral
hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers.
Pons
The pons is a bridge-like structure which links different parts
of the brain and serves as a relay station from the medulla to
the higher cortical structures of the brain. It contains the
respiratory center.