The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS), including its major components and functions. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through structures like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Key structures in the CNS include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The peripheral nervous system connects to the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves.
the nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
the nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The human brain is one of the most mysterious and inexplicable things in human biology. Though a lot of research has been done, we still have much more to learn about the lobes of the brain.
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
The Brain stem
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
The Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The human brain is one of the most mysterious and inexplicable things in human biology. Though a lot of research has been done, we still have much more to learn about the lobes of the brain.
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
The Brain stem
THE SPINAL CORD
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
THE BRAIN
Basic Parts and Organizationof the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
The Brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
This slide talks about neuroplasticity, the central nervous system, the brain and its structure, the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, its functions, nervous system and learning, neurotransmitters, working of neurotransmitters, classification, types of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters in learning and limbic system in learning.
The Biological MindChapter 4Biological Psycholog.docxmehek4
The Biological Mind
Chapter 4
Biological PsychologyBiological Psychology: a rich, interdisciplinary field of study that combines the methods and theories of psychology with those of biology, physiology, biochemistry, the neurosciences, and related fieldsStudies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systemsNeuroscience: the study of the nervous system, especially the brain
*
Lays foundation for the rest of the text… if we do not have a basic understanding of the body, we can never begin to understand behavior and mental processes. Our DNA, disease processes, chemical in our nervous system (neurotransmitters) and in our blood (hormones) can all influence our behavior and mental processes.
Methods that allow scientists to observe the activity of the living brain are beginning to answer questions that were once impossible to study.
The Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS): the nerves exiting the central nervous system that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body
*
There are two major components of the nervous system:The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cordThe spinal cord and brain are cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid, which is generated by the ventriclesThe peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (discussed in the next section)
The Structures of the BrainstemThe hindbrain is composed of the:Medulla: life-sustaining functionsPons: sleep, arousal, and facial expressionCerebellum: motor coordinationThe midbrain is involved in sensory reflexes, movement, and pain; connects hindbrain to upper brain areas.Together, the hindbrain and midbrain make up the brainstem.Reticular Formation: runs the length of the brainstem’s core; participates in the control of mood, arousal, and sleep
*
The hindbrain is composed of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
The medulla merges with the spinal cordContains large bundles of axons traveling to and from higher levels of the brainManages many essential functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure, and thus, damage to the medulla usually results in quick death
The pons sits above the medullaInvolved with the management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
The cerebellumEssential for maintaining balance and motor coordination and one of the first brain structures to be affected by alcoholRecent research suggests the cerebellum is involved in a wide range of functions including language, cognition, and perception
The midbrain sits above the ponsContains a number of structures involved in sensory reflexes, movement, and pain
The reticular formationRuns the length of the brainstem’s core from the upper medulla into the midbrain Participates in the control of mood, arousal, and sleep
Learn more about the brainstem and the cerebellum at https://www.youtube.com/watc ...
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Central Nervous System Facts
What are the different parts of the CNS (diagram)
The Brain and Cerebrum
The Central Structures of the Brain
The Base of the Brain
The Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
CNS (Central Nervous System Anatomy)
3. What Is the CNS (Central Nervous System)?
The central nervous system consists of the brain
and spinal cord.
The brain plays a central role in the control of most
bodily functions, including awareness, movements,
sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex
movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without
the participation of brain structures.
The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain
called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Cranial nerves exit the brainstem. Nerve roots exit the
spinal cord to both sides of the body. The spinal cord
carries signals (messages) back and forth between the
brain and the peripheral nerves.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and the spinal
cord and also circulates within the cavities (called
ventricles) of the central nervous system.
The leptomeninges surround the brain and the spinal cord.
The cerebrospinal fluid circulates between 2 meningeal
layers called the pia matter and the arachnoid(or pia-
arachnoid membranes).
The outer, thicker layer serves the role of a protective shield
and is called the dura matter.
The basic unit of the central nervous system is the neuron
(nerve cell).
Billions of neurons allow the different parts of the body to
communicate with each other via the brain and the spinal
cord. A fatty material called myelin coats nerve cells to
insulate them and to allow nerves to communicate quickly.
5. What are the different parts of the CNS
(diagram)
6.
7. The Brain and Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and
controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, thought,
and memory.
The surface of the cerebral cortex has grooves or
infoldings (called sulci), the largest of which are
termed fissures. Some fissures separate lobes.
The convolutions of the cortex give it a wormy
appearance. Each convolution is delimited by two sulci
and is also called a gyrus (gyri in plural). The cerebrum
is divided into two halves, known as the right and left
hemispheres.
8. The frontal lobes are located in the front of the brain
and are responsible for voluntary movement and, via
their connections with other lobes, participate in the
execution of sequential tasks; speech output;
organizational skills; and certain aspects of behavior,
mood, and memory.
The parietal lobes are located behind the frontal lobes
and in front of the occipital lobes. They process
sensory information such as temperature, pain, taste,
and touch. In addition, the processing includes
information about numbers, attentiveness to the
position of one's body parts, the space around one's
body, and one's relationship to this space
9.
10. The cortex, also called gray matter, is the most external
layer of the brain and predominantly contains
neuronal bodies (the part of the neurons where the
DNA-containing cell nucleus is located).
The gray matter participates actively in the storage
and processing of information. An isolated clump of
nerve cell bodies in the gray matter is termed a nucleus
(to be differentiated from a cell nucleus).
The cells in the gray matter extend their projections,
called axons, to other areas of the brain.
11. Fibers that leave the cortex to conduct impulses toward
other areas are termed efferent fibers, and fibers that
approach the cortex from other areas of the nervous system
are termed afferent (nerves or pathways).
Fibers that go from the motor cortex to the brainstem
(for example, the pons) or the spinal cord receive a name
that generally reflects the connections (that is,
corticopontine tract for the former and corticospinal tract
for the latter).
Axons are surrounded in their course outside the gray
matter by myelin, which has a glistening whitish
appearance and thus gives rise to the term white matter.
12. Cortical areas receive their names according to their
general function or lobe name. If in charge of motor
function, the area is called the motor cortex. If in charge of
sensory function, the area is called a sensory or
somesthetic cortex.
The calcarine or visual cortex is located in the occipital
lobe (also termed occipital cortex) and receives visual
input. The auditory cortex, localized in the temporal lobe,
processes sounds or verbal input.
Knowledge of the anatomical projection of fibers of the
different tracts and the relative representation of body
regions in the cortex often enables doctors to correctly
locate an injury and its relative size, sometimes with great
precision.
13. The Central Structures of the Brain
The central structures of the brain include the thalamus,
hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The hippocampus is
located in the temporal lobe but participates in the
processing of memory and emotions and is interconnected
with central structures.
Other structures are the basal ganglia, which are made up
of gray matter and include the amygdala (localized in the
temporal lobe), the caudate nucleus, and the lenticular
nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus).
Because the caudate and putamen are structurally similar,
neuropathologists have coined for them the collective term
striatum.
14. The thalamus integrates and relays sensory information to
the cortex of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
The thalamus is located in the lower central part of the
brain (that is, upper part of the brainstem) and is located
medially to the basal ganglia. The brain hemispheres lie on
the thalamus. Other roles of the thalamus include motor
and memory control.
The hypothalamus, located below the thalamus, regulates
automatic functions such as appetite, thirst, and body
temperature. It also secretes hormones that stimulate or
suppress the release of hormones (for example, growth
hormones) in the pituitary gland.
15. The thalamus integrates and relays sensory
information to the cortex of the parietal, temporal, and
occipital lobes. The thalamus is located in the lower
central part of the brain (that is, upper part of the
brainstem) and is located medially to the basal
ganglia. The brain hemispheres lie on the thalamus.
Other roles of the thalamus include motor and
memory control.
The hypothalamus, located below the thalamus,
regulates automatic functions such as appetite, thirst,
and body temperature. It also secretes hormones that
stimulate or suppress the release of hormones (for
example, growth hormones) in the pituitary gland.
16. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain.
The pituitary gland produces hormones that control
many functions of other endocrine glands. It regulates
the production of many hormones that have a role in
growth, metabolism, sexual response, fluid
and mineral balance, and the stress response.
The ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities in
the interior of the cerebral hemispheres
17. The Base of the Brain
The base of the brain contains the cerebellum and the
brainstem. These structures serve complex functions.
Below is a simplified version of these roles:
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been known to
control equilibrium and coordination and contributes
to the generation of muscle tone. It has more recently
become evident, however, that the cerebellum plays
more diverse roles such as participating in some types
of memory and exerting a complex influence on
musical and mathematical skills.
18. The brainstem connects the brain with the spinal cord. It
includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla
oblongata. It is a compact structure in which multiple
pathways traverse from the brain to the spinal cord and vice
versa. For instance, nerves that arise from cranial nerve
nuclei are involved with eye movements and exit the
brainstem at several levels. Damage to the brainstem can
therefore affect a number of bodily functions. For instance,
if the corticospinal tract is injured, a loss of motor function
(paralysis) occurs, and it may be accompanied by other
neurologic deficits, such as eye movement abnormalities,
which are reflective of injury to cranial nerves or their
pathways in the brainstem.
19. The midbrain is located below the hypothalamus.
Some cranial nerves that are also responsible for eye
muscle control exit the midbrain.
The pons serves as a bridge between the midbrain and
the medulla oblongata. The pons also contains the
nuclei and fibers of nerves that serve eye muscle
control, facial muscle strength, and other functions.
The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the
brainstem and is interconnected with the cervical
spinal cord. The medulla oblongata also helps control
involuntary actions, including vital processes, such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and it
carries the corticospinal (that is, motor function) tract
toward the spinal cord.
20. The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the
brainstem and is interconnected with the cervical
spinal cord. The medulla oblongata also helps control
involuntary actions, including vital processes, such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and it
carries the corticospinal (that is, motor function) tract
towa
21. The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is an extension of the brain and is
surrounded by the vertebral bodies that form the
spinal column (see Multimedia File 3). The central
structures of the spinal cord are made up of gray
matter (nerve cell bodies), and the external or
surrounding tissues are made up of white matter.
Within the spinal cord are 30 segments that belong to
4 sections (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral), based on
their location:
22. Eight cervical segments: These transmit signals from
or to areas of the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and
hands.
Twelve thoracic segments: These transmit signals
from or to part of the arms and the anterior and
posterior chest and abdominal areas.
Five lumbar segments: These transmit signals from
or to the legs and feet and some pelvic organs.
Five sacral segments: These transmit signals from or
to the lower back and buttocks, pelvic organs and
genital areas, and some areas in the legs and feet.
A coccygeal remnant is located at the bottom of the
spinal cord.
23.
24. Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord
become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial
nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral
nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye
movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and
taste.
The optic nerve is considered a cranial nerve but it is
generally affected in a disease of the central nervous system
known as multiple sclerosis, and, for this and other
reasons, it is thought to represent an extension of the
central nervous system apparatus that controls vision. In
fact, doctors can diagnose inflammation of the head of the
optic nerve by using an ophthalmoscope, as if the person's
eyes were a window into the central nervous system.
25. Nerve roots leave the spinal cord to the exit point between
two vertebrae and are named according to the spinal cord
segment from which they arise (a cervical eight nerve root
arises from cervical spinal cord segment eight). Nerve roots
are located anterior with relation to the cord if efferent (for
example, carrying input toward limbs) or posterior if
afferent (for example, to spinal cord).
Fibers that carry motor input to limbs and fibers that bring
sensory information from the limbs to the spinal cord grow
together to form a mixed (motor and sensory) peripheral
nerve. Some lumbar and all sacral nerve roots take a long
route downward in the spinal canal before they exit in a
bundle that resembles a horse's tail, hence its name, cauda
equina.
26. The spinal cord is also covered, like the brain, by the
pia matter and the arachnoid membranes. The
cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the pia and
below the outer arachnoid, and this space is also
termed the subarachnoid space. The roots of the cauda
equina and the rootlets that make up the nerve roots
from higher segments are bathed in cerebrospinal
fluid. The dura surrounds the pia-arachnoid of the
spinal cord, as it does for the brain.