Trauma is the most important cause of unilateral blindness in the world. Up until the end of the last century, it accounted for approximately 1.6 million cases of blindness. The cause of the injuries varies. Work-related accidental injuries, assaults. Men are at significantly higher risk (approximately four times higher) than women. Injuries range from mild to severe, and can affect any anatomical structure of the eye.

2. • Trauma is the most important cause of unilateral blindness in the world.
• Up until the end of the last century, it accounted for approximately
1.6 million cases of blindness.
• The cause of the injuries varies. Work-related accidental injuries, assaults.
• Men are at significantly higher risk (approximately four times higher) than
women.
• Injuries range from mild to severe, and can affect any anatomical structure
of the eye.

3. Etiological Classification
1. Accidental trauma.
2. Self inflicted trauma.
3. Occupational trauma.
Classification according to nature
1. Physical trauma
a. Perforating
b. Nonperforating
c. Blunt trauma
2. Chemical trauma
a. Acid
b. Alkali
3. Thermal trauma
4. Radiation trauma
5. Miscellaneous
Uniform classification based on primary
evaluation
Mechanical trauma
1. Open globe injuries
full thickness defect of eye coats.
2. Closed globe injuries
injuries without full thickness of
eye coats.

7. General principles of repair:
1. Clean the wound
2. Remove foreign body
3. Careful handling of tissues
4. Careful alignment of anatomy
- lid margins, lash line, skin folds, etc.
5. Close in layers
6. Timing
- Ideally within 12-24 hours of injury but can
delay up to 1 week; pt’s factors, gross swelling
7. Anesthesia

8. Mechanism of an orbital floor blow-out fracture
Sudden increase in orbital pressure by an impacting object
greater in diameter than the orbital aperture (>5 cm)

9. CoronalCT scan
a. Subciliary incision
b. Periosteum elevated and entrapped orbital contents freed
c. Defect repaired with synthetic material
d. Periosteum sutured

10. Corneal complications
• Corneal abrasion
• Stromal edema
• Tears in Descemet membrane
• Traumatic hyphaema

11. Lens complications
• Cataract
• Subluxation
• Dislocation

12. Acute with subretinal haemorrhage
Retinal breaks and detachment
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON)

13. Small shelving with
formed anterior chamber
With iris involvement With lens damage

14. Scleral laceration
with iridociliary prolapse
Anterior scleral laceration with
ciliary and vitreous prolapse
Vitreous haemorrhage

15. Subtarsal foreign body
Corneal foreign body with
surrounding cellular infiltration

16. In the lens In the angle in the anterior vitreous on the retina

18. Grade I (excellent prognosis)
• Clear cornea
• Limbal ischaemia
Grade II (good prognosis)
• Cornea hazy but visible iris details
• Limbal ischaemia <1/3
Grade III (guarded prognosis)
• Hazy cornea with no iris details
• Limbal ischaemia 1/3 to 1/2
Grade IV (very poor prognosis)
• Opaque cornea
• Limbal ischaemia >1/2
G - II
G - III
G - IV