The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through different lobes and structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. The cerebrum controls voluntary actions through four lobes, while the cerebellum coordinates movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes.

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Muhammad Awais
• Rima sabir
• Aleena Fatima
• Saba shehzadi
Group members

3. What Should Know about the Central Nervous
System (CNS)?
• The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous
system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions,
including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and
memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways
without the participation of brain structures.

4. What Are the Different Parts of the CNS

5. Brain
Hind brain
pons
Medulla cerebellum
Mid Brain
Fore Brain
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

6. BRAIN
• Brain consist of the gross structure:
• Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem and the diencephalon
• Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal body
• Brainstem: Pons , Medulla and Midbrain

7. The Diencephalon
• The thalamus and the thalamus
• The thalamus is the relay station of all the sensory stimuli
towards the brain
• The hypothalamus control body temperature, appetite,
water balance, pituitary secretions and sleep awake cycle

9. CEREBRUM
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and controls voluntary
actions, speech, senses, thought, and memory.
• Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of different lobes;
• FRONTAL
• TEMPORAL
• PARIETAL
• OCCIPITAL

11. FRONTAL LOBE OF CEREBRUM
• The frontal lobes are located in the front of the brain and are
responsible for voluntary movement and, via their connections with
other lobes, participate in the execution of sequential tasks; speech
output; organizational skills; and certain aspects of behavior, mood,
and memory.

12. Parietal Lobe of Cerebrum
• The parietal lobes are located behind the frontal lobes and in front of
the occipital lobes. They process sensory information such as
temperature, pain, taste, and touch. In addition, the processing
includes information about numbers, attentiveness to the position of
one's body parts, the space around one's body, and one's relationship
to this space.

13. Temporal Lobe of Cerebrum
• The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain.
They process memory and auditory (hearing) information
and speech and language functions.

14. Occipital Lobe of Cerebrum
•The occipital lobes are located at the back of the
brain. They receive and process visual
information.

15. The Midbrain
• The midbrain is located below the hypothalamus. Some
cranial nerves that are also responsible for eye muscle
control exit the midbrain.
• This connects with the Cerebrum
• Contain numerous ascending and descending tracts and
fibers
• Midbrain, also called mesencephalon,

16. The Pons
• The pons serves as a bridge between the midbrain and the
medulla oblongata.
• The pons also contains the nuclei and fibers of nerves that
serve eye muscle control, facial muscle strength, and other
functions.
• Connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum
• Houses the respiratory centre and the cardiovascular centre

18. The Cerebellum
• The second largest brain region
• Has also two hemispheres
• Functions to maintain muscle tone, coordinate muscle movement
posture and control balance
• If this is damaged muscle tone decreases and fine motor movement
become very clumsy

19. •The cerebellum also plays more diverse
roles such as participating in some types of
memory and exerting a complex influence
on musical and mathematical skills.

20. The Medulla oblongata
• The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brainstem and is
interconnected with the cervical spinal cord.
• The medulla oblongata also helps control involuntary actions,
including vital processes such as heart rate, blood pressure and
respiration.
• The most inferior portion of the brain stem

22. The spinal cord
• The spinal cord is an extension of the brain and is surrounded by the
vertebral bodies that form the spinal column
• The central structures of the spinal cord are made up of gray matter
(nerve cell bodies), and the external or surrounding tissues are made
up of white matter.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal nerves

24. Spinal cord Anatomy
• The spinal cord is a long cylinder of nerves that runs from the base of
your brain through the vertebral canal through the backbone. It is
part of the central nervous system (CNS) along with the brain. It is
divided into different segments. Each segment contains a pair roots
made out of nerve fibre.

25. • The spinal cord is composed of the following 31 segments:
• 8 cervical (C) segments.
• 12 thoracic (T) segments.
• 5 lumbar (L) segments.
• 5 sacral (S) segments.
• 1 coccygeal (Co) segment - mainly vestigial.

27. Function of spinal cord
• The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve
signals from the motor cortex to the body,
• It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex
arcs that can independently control reflexes
• The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the
brain and peripheral nervous system