This document summarizes various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and shock. It defines edema as increased fluid in tissues and discusses common sites of edema such as subcutaneous, pulmonary, and brain edema. It also defines hyperemia as a local increase in blood volume, congestion as passive hyperemia, and discusses common sites of congestion such as pulmonary and liver congestion. Additionally, it discusses hemorrhage as blood vessel rupture and various types including petechiae, purpura, and bruises. Finally, it defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion and discusses the different types and stages of shock.

1. Hemodynamic Disorders
AHMED ABDULWAHAB: 1330095
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2. Edema
 Edema is defined as increased fluid in
interstitial tissue space.
 Hydrothorax is edema in the thoracic
cavity. Hydropericardium is edema in
the pericardial cavity, and
hydroperitoneum is edema in the
peritoneum.
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3. Edema
 Mechanisms and Causes:
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium retention
Inflammation
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4. Edema
 Common sites of edema:
 Subcutaneous edema: occurs in heart failure in
the dependent part of the body eg. Legs and
sacral area (dependent edema, or pitting
edema)
 Pulmonary edema: is accumulation of fluid in
the alveolar space. It occurs in heart failure
(Left side failure). It can occur with renal failure
or pulmonary infection.
 Brain edema:
o Localized: in abscess or around tumors
o Generalized: in encephalitis, hypertensive
crisis.
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5. Hyperemia and
Congestion
 It is local increase in the volume of
blood in tissues.
 Hyperemia is an active process
eg. Increase blood to skeletal
muscle during exercise
 Congestion is passive eg. Heart
failure.
 Congestion – Edema - tissue
hypoxia.
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6. Hyperemia and
Congestion
 Common sites of congestion:
 Pulmonary congestion:
o Acute: alveolar capillary congestion with
edema and focal hemorrhage
o Chronic: like acute with fibrosis of alveolar
walls and hemosiderin.
 Liver congestion:
o Acute: congestion of central veins and
sinusoids
o Chronic: like acute with necrosis of the central
region and fibrosis (nutmeg liver, and
Cardiac cirrhosis).
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7. Hemorrhage
 Hemorrhage is extravasation of
blood due to rupture of blood
vessel.
 Causes:
 Trauma
 Atherosclerosis
 Inflammation
 Erosion by tumor
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8. Hemorrhage
 Hemorrhage can be external or internal
(hematoma).
 Hemothorax, themopericardium,
hemoperitoneum, hemarthrosis.
 It can be minimal or fatal.
 Clinical significance: depend on the site,
amount, chronicity.
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9. Hemorrhage
 Petechiae: minute hemorrhage (1-2mm) of skin
and mucosa. Occur due to thrombocytopenia,
clotting factor deficiency, or increased pressure in
capillaries.
 Purpura: small hemorrhage (3-5mm), usually due
to trauma or vasculitis.
 Bruises: is subcutaneous hematoma. Change in
color: red – blue green – yellow brown due to
metabolism of hemoglobin to bilirubin and
hemosiderin.
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10. Shock
 Shock is systemic hypoperfusion
due to reduction in cardiac output
or in effective circulation.
 Features: Hypotension,
hypoperfusion, cellular hypoxia.
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11. Shock
 Types:
1. Cardiogenic shock
2. Hypovolemic Shock
3. Septic shock
4. Neurogenic shock
5. Anaphylactic shock
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12. Stages of shock
1. Initial non-progressive stage
2. Progressive stage
3. Irreversible stage
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13. Thank you
for listening
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