The Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton
&
The Appendicular
Skeleton
South University Online
Anatomy & Physiology Class By Linda Langevoort

INTRODUCTION
 The Skeletal System consists of the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton.
 The Axial skeleton comprises the skull, the auditory ossicles and
hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.
 The Appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower
limbs, the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
 This set of amazing skeletal frameworks support our weight and
limbs. Protects our body’s organs. Provides attachment for
muscles and participates in our respiration.
 Let the EXPLORATION begin!

In this power point I hope to show the
bones and the assembly of the Axial
Skeleton. I will show you how some of
the bones and regions function to make
up this portion of the skeleton. I hope
to point out the importance of these
parts for your better understanding and
your learning enjoyment. Are you
ready? Come on!

The Skull
There are 8 Cranium Bones:
1 Occipital bone
2 Parietal bones
1 Frontal bone
2 Temporal bones
1 Sphenoid bone
1 Ethmoid bone
There are 14 Facial Bones:
2 Maxillary bones
2 Palatine bones
2 Nasal bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
1 Vomer
1 Mandible
There are 7 Associated Bones:
6 are auditory ossicles and
1 is the Hyoid bone

The Cranial Bones
The 22 bones of the cranium function to protect the brain and
entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems.
The 14 facial bones provide for muscle attachment; facial
expressions; eating of food; help to separate nasal and oral cavities,
house the sinuses and to protect the entrances to the digestive and
respiratory systems.
The 1 hyoid bone, functions to support the larynx and provides
attachment for our tongue to deliver our ability for speech.
The 6 auditory ossicles are located in a cavity within the temporal
bone.
.Earlier skulls of human ancestors, for
instance, have been shown to have
markedly smaller cranial capacities, as
well as more powerful jaws, than do
the Homo sapiens species which exist
today.
Did you know?

The Hyoid Bone
The Hyoid bone supports the larynx and is the attachment point for the tongue and
muscles of the larynx and pharynx. The Hyoid bone plays an important part in our
speech. The greater horns support the larynx and is the part attached to the tongue.
The lesser horns are attached to the stylohyoid ligaments.

The Auditory Ossicles
The middle ear contains three tiny ear bones called the Auditory Ossicles.
 The Malleus (also called the “Hammer”).
 The Incus (also called the “Anvil”).
 The Stapes (also called the “Stirrup”).
 Remember they are on each side, thus 6 total.

 The articulations and joints where the bones come together
are called sutures. Sutures are held together by
connective tissue. Each suture comes with a names, but for
now lets refer to the 4 major sutures.
 The Lambdoid suture. This separates the occipital bone from
the two parietal bones.
 The Coronal suture. This suture attaches the frontal bone to
the two parietal bones.
 The Sagittal suture. Found a the midline it runs parallel
between the two parietal bones.
 The Squamous suture. This suture forms a boundary
between the temporal bone and parietal bones on each side
of the cranium.
The Sutures of the Skull
Lamboid suture
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Note: The Squamous suture is between the Temporal and Parietal bones.
Cannot be seen on this diagram.

 The Orbital Complex
The orbital complex is the area that surrounds each eye and the nasal complex, which
surrounds the nasal cavities.
The Frontal bone – forms the roof
The Maxilla – provides an orbital floor
The Lacrimal bone – forms the inner wall of each orbit.
• The Nasal Complex
The nasal complex encloses the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses connected to
the nasal cavities.
The Frontal bone, sphenoid and ethmoid bones form the superior wall of the nasal
cavities, while the lateral walls are formed by the maxillae, the lacrimal bones, the
ethmoid, and the inferior nasal conchae.
Much of the nasal cavity is formed by soft tissues of the nose.
The bridge of the nose is formed from the maxillae and nasal bones.
The paranasal sinuses are made up of the paired palatine, paranasal, maxillary and
sinus bones. They lighten the skull bones and provide an area for mucous secretions.
They also filter out particulate matter such as dust and microorganisms.

Photo:
The top photo shows the sutures of the infant
skull.
The bottom photo the Anterior Fontanelle, a
diamond-shaped soft spot.

The Spine, Ribs, Sternum, Sacrum and Coccyx
The vertebral column
Consists of:
24 vertebrae
1 Sacrum
1 Coccyx
The Vertebral column is made up of four spinal curves.
1. The Cervical curve – which balances the weight of our head on our neck.
2. The Thoracic curve – which accommodate the thoracic organs.
3. The Lumbar curve – which balances the weight of our trunk over our lower limbs
and assists in our standing.
4. The Sacral curve – which accommodates the abdominopelvic organs.
The Thoracic cage
Consists of:
1 Sternum
24 Ribs
The Vertebral regions are:
1. The Cervical (C1-C7) consisting of the Atlas (C1) and the Axis(C2) which constitutes
the neck and attaches to the Thoracic vertebrae.
2. The Thoracic (T1-T12) consisting of the ribs and costal and transverse costal facets.
3. The Lumbar (L1-L5) which articulates with the sacrum which articulates with the
coccyx.

Photo:
The Vertebral Regions
Cervical (C1-C7)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical
Curve
Thoracic
Curve
Lumbar
Curve
Sacral
Curve
Photo: The 4 Spinal Curves

The 24 Ribs originate between
the thoracic vertebrae and end in
the wall of the thoracic cavity.
Ribs 1-7 are called “true ribs”.
Ribs 8-12 are called “false ribs”,
since they do not attach directly
to the sternum. The last two
pairs of ribs 11-12 are called
“floating ribs”, because they have
no connection with the sternum
or vertebral ribs.
The sternum is the boney breast
bone in the center of the ribs.
It’s movements are important in
respiration.
The thoracic cage and ribs
protect the heart, lungs, thymus
and other structures. It serves as
attachment for muscles involved
in respiration, position of the
vertebral column and movements
of the pectoral girdle & upper
limbs.

Spinal Disorders
Spondylolithesis is when one vertebra slips
forward in front of another vertebrae. The result
is pain in the low back, thighs and or legs.
Muscle spasms, weakness and tight ham strings
may accompany it. Symptoms can become
worse with exercise. This disorder can result
from improper lifting of heavy items, weightlifting
or high impact sports. Treatment with physical
therapy, spinal injection or surgery are usually
prescribed.
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the
spine. It is most common in adolescent
females. It is a genetic condition that
frequently runs in families. Some signs of it
are: one hip being higher than the other; one
shoulder blade appearing more prominent;
small curves in the back and deformity
(usually in the upper back). Treatment with
back braces to try to restrain the curves
during growth years may help somewhat. In
some cases, surgery to straighten the spine
and create a fusion is performed.

Let’s see what you learned about the
Axial Skeleton. Try this short quiz.
1. The Axial Skeleton is comprised of:
a. the skull, limbs, vertebral column, the ribs & the hyoid bone.
b. the skull, auditory ossicles & hyoid bone, vertebral column and the thoracic cage.
c. The skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column and the pectoral girdle.
2. In this power point presentation there are ___ number of facial bones listed.
a. 10
b. 14
c. 8
3. The Malleus of the ear, is also called the _______.
a. stirrup
b. anvil
c. hammer
4. The paranasal sinuses are part of the ____ complex and they function to ________.
a. orbital; provide an orbital floor.
b. nasal; filter out particulate matter.
c. paranormal; to do ghost busting.
just a few more ---turn the page

Check your answers are at the end of this power point! Good Luck!
5. An infant’s most important skull growth occurs before age ____.
a. 5
b. 3
c. 4
6. What part of our vertical column provides a great deal of protection to our vital organs?
a. lumbar
b. cervical
c. thoracic
7. Scoliosis is a _____________.
a. abnormal curvature of the spine.
b. humped back.
c. vertebra that slipped out of place.
8. The sternum is the boney breast bone that’s movements are important to ________.
a. the heart.
b. the respiration.
c. the floating ribs.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Moving right along, in this next part of
my presentation, I hope to show the
bones of the appendicular skeleton
and the assembly of the Appendicular
Skeleton; show you how some of the
bones and regions function to make up
this portion of the skeleton. I hope to
point out the importance of these
parts for your better understanding
and your learning enjoyment. Are you
ready? Come on!

The Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones.
The parts consist of the Pectoral Girdle, the Upper Limbs, the Pelvic Girdle, and the Lower Limbs.
The Pectoral Girdle
 2 Clavicles
 2 Scapula
The Upper Limbs
 2 Humerus
 2 Radius
 2 Ulna
 16 Carpal bones
 10 Metacarpal bones
 28 Phalanges
The Pelvic Girdle
 2 Hip bones
The Lower Limbs
 2 Femur
 2 Patella
 2 Tibia
 2 Fibula
 14 Tarsal bones
 10 Metatarsal bones
 28 Phalanges

The Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle attaches to
the upper limbs and consists of:
The Clavicles
And
The Scapulae
Movements of the clavicles and
scapulae, position the shoulder
joints and provide a base for arm
movement. The surfaces of the
scapulae and clavicles are
important sites for muscle
attachment.

The Upper Limbs
The Upper Limbs are made up of the arms,
forearms, wrists, and hands.
The Humerus – this limb extends from the
scapula to the elbow. This arm bone articulates
with the shoulder joint known as the
glenohumeral joint. It has a prominent greater
tubercle at its humeral head and a smaller
projection called the lesser tubercle and its
anterior medial surface. Between the tubercles
you will find the anatomical neck, surgical
neck, the deltoid tuberosity, radial groove
medial lateral epicondyles and the condyle. At
the condyle the humerus articulates with the
radius and ulna bones of the forearm.
From the condyle, the humerus divides into
two articular regions: the trochlea and the
capitulum. Other visible parts are the coronoid
fossa, the olecranon, and the radial fossa.

The Ulna The Radius
The Ulna – lies medial to the radius. The
olecranon is the point of the elbow that is at
the superior end of the ulna. The ulna
articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at
the elbow joint. The coronoid process, radial
notch is what accommodates the head of the
radius. The shaft of the ulna, meets the ulnar
head. The posterior lateral surface of the ulna
has a short styloid process. The lateral
surface of the ulnar head articulates with the
distal end of the radius.
The Radius – is the lateral bone of the
forearm. The disc-shaped radial head,
articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
A narrow neck from the radius extends to the
radial tuberosity. The biceps brachii muscle
attaches here. The ulnar notch and the styloid
process are other areas visible. The styloid
process helps to stabilize the joint. The radial
notch of the ulna or the ulnar notch of the
radius, will quickly tell whether it is the left or
right isolated radius or ulna.
Note:
The radius and ulna connect to the
humerus bone of the upper arm at
the elbow joint. The elbow joint
consists of a series of muscles or
ligaments acting like a hinge so
you can bend and straighten your
arm. This bending and straighten
is called flexion and extension.
Try this experiment:
You can actually feel the radius and ulna
rotating. Hold your right forearm with your
left hand. Then rotate your right wrist
palm up and then palm down. You will feel
the radius and ulna bones in your right
arm twisting and rotating.

The Carpal Bones
The Carpus, (wrist) contains 8 carpal
bones.
There are 4 proximal carpal bones and 4
distal carpal bones.
The Scaphoid laterally borders the wrist close to
the styliod process and radius.
The Lunate lies medially to the scaphoid and
articulates with the radius.
The Triquetrum articulates with the articular
disc separating the ulnar head from the wrist.
The Pisiform is anterior the Triquetrum.
The Trapezium is lateral of the distal row and it
articulates with the scaphoid.
The Trapezoid lies medial to the Trapezium. It
has a proximal articulation with the Scaphoid.
The Capitate is the largest carpal bone sitting
between the Trapezoid and the Hamate.
The Hamate is the medial distal carpal bone.
A Condition of the Wrist -
Video on Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
(*you may have to manually link to this video).
http://youtu.be/sXs6SCGGm1Q

Photo:
The Metacarpals and Phalanges showing the
(Posterior view) of the distal, middle and
proximal bones.
The Metacarpals and Phalanges
The Metacarpal bones have 5 bones that
articulate with the distal carpal bones and
give the hand support.
Each hand has 14 phalanges (finger bones).
The Pollex – is our thumb and first finger. It
has two phalanges (proximal and distal).
Your other fingers have 3 phalanges
(proximal, middle, and distal)
This is much easier to understand and see
in the picture on the right.

The Pelvic Girdle
The Pelvic Girdle consists of:
The two hip bones (coxal/pelvic bones)
The fusion of three bones – the Ilium, Ischium
and Pubis bones.
The Acetabulum is a concave socket that
articulates with the head of the Femur.
The Acetabular notch is a gap on the anterior
and inferior portion of the ridge.
The Lunate appears as a smooth articular
surface on the Acetabulum.
The Greater Sciatic notch is a gap through
which the major sciatic nerve reaches the
lower limb.
The Ishial spine allows for blood vessels,
nerves and small muscles to pass.
The Ischial tuberosity is located posterior and
lateral of the ischium.
The Ischial ramus is a narrow bone meeting
the pubis.
The Superior ramus meets the Inferior ramus
near the acetabulum.
The Obturator foramen is an opening with
collagen fibers enclosing it. It is a muscle
attachment area for the hip.
The Arcuate line and the Iliac crest are the
broadest part of the Ilium. These are
attachment sites for ligaments and muscles.
The Iliac fossa is a depression in the Iliac
crest.
The Pubic symphysis makes up the pubic
bones and are attached together by a fibrous
cartilage.
The Iliac tuberosity stabilizes the sacroiliac
joint at the Sacrum.
The Pelvic Girdle is the attachment site for
the lower limbs. It must withstand the
stresses of bearing weight and of
movement.

The Pelvis
The Pelvis consists of the two Hip
bones, the Sacrum and the Coccyx.
These photos depict the male and
female pelvis’s. The male (left photo)
has a shape somewhat different from
the female (right photo).
Females have adaptations for
childbearing that include:
*An enlarged pelvic outlet.
*A broader pubic angle
*Less curvature of the sacrum and
coccyx.
* A wider more circular pelvic inlet.
* A broad pelvis, that does not extend
superiorly (or lower)
*Ilia that project farther laterally and
not as far superiorly.
Notice the (middle photos) and the
curvature differences in the sacrum
and coccyx bones.
The (last row of photos) shows us the
width of the pelvic outlets in
comparison.

Diagram of the Pelvis
Photo:
Parts of the Pelvis (Pelvic Girdle)

The Lower Limbs
The lower limbs are designed for movement and
support. The lower limbs consist of:
The Femur – the longest and heaviest bone in the body
It articulates with the hip bone at the hip joint and with
the tibia of the leg at the knee joint.
The Patella – is a large sesamoid bone that forms
within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is better
known as the “knee cap”. It connects at the apex of the
patella to the tibia.
The Tibia – this shinbone is the large medial bone of
the leg. The medial and lateral condyles of the femur
articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the
proximal end of the tibia.
The Fibula – parallels the lateral border of the tibia.
The fibula does not articulate with the femur, but
instead its importance is attachment for muscles that
move the foot and toes.
The Tarsal Bones – they articulate between the talus
and the tibia toward the toes. (We will discuss the
tarsals more on another slide).

The Femur consists of:
The Femoral head which articulates with the
pelvis. A ligament attaches it at the
acetabulum to the femur at the fovea capitis.
It has a neck, shaft, greater and lesser
trochanters, intertrochanteric line and line
aspera.
The Femur as it reaches the knee joint has
some ridges that lead to the medial and
lateral epicondyles. They are part of the
knee joint. The condyles are separated by a
deep intercondylar fossa.
The anterior and inferior surfaces of the two
condyles are separated by a patellar surface
on which the patella glides.
The Femur

Did you know?
Runner’s Knee, (patellofemoral stress syndrome) develops from improper tracking of the patella across
the patellar surface. The patella is forced outside its normal track so it begins to shift laterally. Running
on hard or slanted surfaces and inadequate arch support are often responsible. The misalignment puts
pressure on the knee, resulting in swelling and tenderness after exercise.
The Patella, also called the “knee cap” glides
across the patellar surface of the femur. It is a
sesamoid bone that forms within tendons and
extends to the knee. Attachment areas lend to
tendons and ligaments.
It consists of:
The Base
The Apex
Lateral facet and Lateral Condyle
Medial facet and Medial Condyle
The Articular surface
Attachment areas
The Patella

Which is bigger?
A way to remember is – To tell a lie is a “fib”. A “fib” is a small lie, so the fibula is
smaller than the tibia and it is also lateral to it.
The Tibia
The Tibia or “shinbone” is one of our weigh
bearing bones. It is a large medial bone of the
leg. It consists of:
Medial and Lateral tibial condyles
Intercondylar eminence (a ridge)
Tibial tuberosity (attachment for ligament)
Anterior margin (a ridge)
Medial malleolus (that bump on your ankle)
The tibia articulates with the proximal bone of
the ankle; the medial malleolus, which
provides support for this joint.
The Fibula
The Fibula, a slender bone, parallels the lateral
border of the tibia. The fibula does not help
transfer weight to the ankle and foot. It is
however an important site for attachment of
muscles that move the foot and the ankle
joint. The fibula consists of:
Interosseous membrane (bounds it to the
tibia)
Lateral malleolus (the fibular process)
provides stability to the ankle.

Photo:
The Tibia and Fibula (Anterior view)
Bone Health
If you want to have good healthy
bones, adequate consumption of
calcium-rich foods is important.
You’ll also want to strengthen your
bones by performing weight-
bearing exercises to optimize
bone mass and reduce chances of
development of osteoporosis later
in life. Our bones protect our
organs, anchor muscles and
provide structure to our body.

The Tarsal Bones
The ankle or tarsus, consists of seven tarsal
bones:
The Talus – transmits weight of the body from
the tibia toward the toes.
The Trochlea – a pulley-shaped articular
process. The trochlea articulates with the
lateral malleolus of the fibula.
The Calcaneus – or “heel bone”, is one of the
largest tarsal bones. Looks like a knob-shaped
projection.
The Cuboid – articulates with the anterior
surface of the calcaneus.
The Navicular – (anterior to the talus on the
medial side of the ankle); it articulates with the
talus and 3 cuneiform bones
Medial, Intermediate and Lateral
Cuneiform bones – they articulate with the
anterior surface of the navicular. The later
cuneiform also articulates with the cuboid.
Photo:
Casted Footprints
from “Big Foot”.

The Metatarsals and Phalanges
The Metatarsal bones are five long bones
that form the distal portion of the foot or
metatarsus. Roman numerals help identify
them. Bones I-III articulate with the three
cuneiform bones and Bones IV and V
articulate with the cuboid.
The Phalanges, or toes, have the same
organization as the fingers. The toes contain
14 phalanges. (Each foot)
The Hallux, or great toe has 2 phalanges
(proximal and distal).
The other four toes each have 3 phalanges
a piece (proximal, middle and distal).
The Longitudinal arch of the foot is where
weight transfers. Ligaments and tendons
maintain this arch.
The Transverse arch is the curvature seen
from the medial to the lateral borders of the
foot.
Did you know?
Gout (joint pain) is caused by a build up of
uric acid in the joints of the foot. It usually
occurs to the large toe and is very painful
and produces swelling and warmth around
the affected joint.

The Joints of the Skeleton
Joints are what make the
skeleton move. We cannot
just discuss the skeleton
without knowing what makes
it move and articulate. The
connecting joints are working
to enable you to walk, sit,
stand and change positions
throughout daily life. These
bones provide strength,
support and protection for
softer tissues of the body.
Think about the activities you
do everyday with the help of
your joints!
The classifications of joints are: bony,
fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial. There are
also accessory structures that help the joints
articulate and cushion them. They are things
like: cartilage (firm tissue that cushions) and
fat pads (adipose tissue covered by synovial
membrane), ligaments (a firm band of fibrous
tissue that connects bone or cartilage),
tendons (flexible but fibrous tissue, attaching
muscles to bone) and bursae (fluid filled
pockets to protect as shock absorbers).
Joints
Ball
and
socket
Hinged
joint
Gliding
joint
Pivot
joint

The ball and socket joint allows
the head of one bone to rest within
a cupped depression inside
another. It allows for all kinds of
angular and rotational movement
including circumduction . The
shoulder and femur have this type
of joint.
The hinged joint permits angular
movement in a single plane, just
like when you open and close a
door. You will find this type of joint
in the elbow, knee, ankle and
interphalangeal joints.
The Pivot Joint is a joint that
permits only rotation. You will find
this type of joint in the tibia and
fibula, the radius and ulna and the
atlas and axis areas.

The Synovial joint are ones that allow for
different ranges of motion. The ends of these
joints have cartilage to reduce friction. Synovial
fluid lubricates the synovial joints.
Condylar Joint
This joint has an oval articular face and
has a depression in the opposing surface.
It allows for flexion, extension, abduction
and adduction. You will find it in the:
• radiocarpal joint
• metacarpophalangeal joints -2 &5
• metatarsophalangeal joints
Gliding Joint
This joint has a flattened or slightly
curved face. Flat articular surfaces slide
across one another. The amount of
movement is slight since ligament restrict
some movement. You will find it in the:
• Claviculosternal joint
• Intercarpal & intertarsal joints
• Vetebrocostal joints
• Sacro-iliac joints
Saddle Joint
This joint is named saddle for the way it
fits together like a rider in a saddle. The
articular face is concave alone one axis
and convex along the other. It allows
movement in angular motion or
circumduction. You will find it in the:
• 1st metacarpal joint

Classifications of Bones
I would like to present the types of bones that make up our skeletal
system. We know that they are not all similar in shape or size so lets
explore their differences. These are the classifications of shapes.
1. Sutural bones – also called “wormian bones”. They are flat
irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. They
have borders like a jigsaw puzzle. (Example: the cranium sutures)
2. Irregular bones – these have complex shapes with short, flat,
notched or ridged surfaces. (Example: Vertebrae)
3. Short bones – these are small and boxy. (Examples: the wrists,
tarsals, and ankle)
4. Flat bones – these have thin, parallel surfaces. They protect
underlying soft tissues and provide attachment of skeletal muscles.
(Example: sternum, ribs, scapulae)
5. Long bones- long and slender. (Examples: the femur, forearm,
thigh, palms, soles, fingers, toes
6. Sesamoid bones- these are small, flat and shaped that like a
sesame seed. They develop inside tendons. (Examples: knee caps,
fingers, toes, feet).

Bonus: This crossword will test your knowledge. Follow the
link to the website and see how you do!
http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/crosswords/majorBon
esCW/majorBonesCW.html
Answers: Quiz on the Axial Skeleton:
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. B
How did you do?

Thank you for viewing my Skeletal System Power Point!
By Linda Langevoort, South University Online- Anatomy & Physiology

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