This document provides information about skeletal muscle and bones. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to describe the classifications, functions, types and composition of bones as well as the types of joints, muscle tissues, and the relationship between muscle and movement. It then covers topics like the classifications, structures and functions of axial and appendicular skeleton bones as well as different bone types. The document also discusses the classifications, structures and examples of different joint types. Finally, it describes the three types of muscle tissues and provides details on skeletal muscle tissue, structure and its role in movement.

1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
S.S.MOORTHY SEMENCHALAM
M.Sc. Comm Health (Occ Health) UKM
B.HSc. Nursing (Aust)
Dip Med Sc. (Moh)
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2. Learning Objective
At the end of these session students should be able to:
• State the 2 classifications of bones
• List the functions of bones
• Name the types of bones
• List the composition of bone
• List the types of joints
• Described 3 types of muscle tissue
• State the characteristics & structure of muscle tissue
• State the relations of muscle and movement
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3. 1. BONE
Axial Skeleton – forms the long axis of the body
eg. bones of the skull, vertebral column,
rib cage, hyoid bone
Classification of Bones
Appendicular Skeleton – relating to an appendage, 126 bones
eg. bones of the upper and lower limbs,
shoulder girdle, hip girdle
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4. Functions:
Axial skeleton/bones
 Involved in protecting and supporting of
the body and organs
Appendicular skeleton/bones
 Help in movement
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6. Functions of Bones
• Support – forms the framework (central axis
of body); gives shape, supports the body
• Protection – provide protective case for brain,
spinal cord & organs ( heart & lungs)
• Movement – provide levers for muscle
• Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals; e.g.
calcium & phosphorus
• Blood cell formation – haematopoiesis occurs
within the marrow cavities of bones
• Attachment for muscles & tendons
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7. Number of Bones
There are 206 bones in our whole body
• Upper limbs - 64
• Lower limbs - 62
• Vertebrae - 33 ( C7,T12,L5,S5,CO4 )
• Skull - 22
• Ribs - 24
• Sternum -1
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8. Long
bones
Sesamoid Short
bones Types bones
of bones
Irregular Flat
bones bones
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10. i. LONG BONES
• Bones of the extremities
• Cylindrically in shape (shaft) with
expanded end
• E.g. femur,humerus, tibia, fibula
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13. ii. SHORT LONG BONES & SHORT BONES
• Describes the bones of the hand & foot
• E.g. metatarsal, metacarpal,carpals, tarsals
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14. iii. FLAT BONES
• Like flat plate;
curved or straight
• E.g. sternum,
scapula & parietal
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15. iv. IRREGULAR BONES
• Shape cannot be described because it is irregular
• E.g. vertebrae, pelvic bone
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17. v. SESAMOID BONES
• Seed- like bones
seen in tendon
eg.patella (knee
cap)
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18. GROSS ANATOMY OF BONES
• External features of bones – projections,
depression & openings
- as sites for muscle, ligament & tendon
attachment
- as surface joints
- conduits for blood vessels & nerves
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19. Internal features:
• Compact bone –
dense outer layer &
hard
• Spongy bone less
hard (cancellous
bone) – honeycomb
of trabeculae filled
with bone marrow
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20. Structure of Typical Long Bone
• Diaphysis
- tubular shaft; forming
the axis of long bones
- composed of compact
bone + central medullary
canal (houses fatty yellow
bone marrow)
• Epiphysis
- expanded end of long
bones
- spongy bones inside
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20

21. Con`t
Thin layer of articular
cartilage covers end of
epiphysis
Long bone that are still
growing has an
epiphyseal plate or
growth plate
When the bone growth
stops, the epiphyseal
plate is replaced by
bone- epiphyseal line
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22. Structure of Typical Long Bone:
Periosteum
double-layered
protective membrane
supplied with nerve
fibers, blood, and
lymphatic vessels
entering the bone via
nutrient foramina
Secured to underlying
bone by Sharpey’s
fibers (collagen)
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23. AXIAL SKELETON
1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. Thoracic cage
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24. 1. Skull
• Consist of 2 parts
1. Cranium – contain the brain
2. The face
• Fused/ joined bones – not moveable
• Mandible bone – moveable
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25. Consist of 11 bones 5. Sphenoid bone
1. Frontal bone 6. Nasal bone
2. Parietal bone 7. Lacrimal bone
3. Temporal bone 8. Ethmoid bone
4. Occipital bone 9. Zygomatic bone
10.Maxilla bone
11.Mandible bone
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26. Frontal
Nasal
Parietal
Temporal
zygomatic occipital
Mandible
Maxilla
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27. Function of the skull
1. Cranial bones protect the brain
2. Bone eye sockets protect the eye
3. Temporal bone protects the ear
4. Gives resonance of voice due to the air filled
cavities called sinuses
5. Keeps the air passage open to facilitate
breathing
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28. 2. Vertebral Column
• Consist of 24 movable bones
• Sacrum & coccyx
• Separated by intervertebral discs (cartilage)
i. 7 cervical
ii. 12 thoracic
iii. 5 lumbar
iv. 5 sacrum
v. 4 coccyx
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30. Functions of vertebral column
1. Protects the spinal cord.
2. Houses 31 pairs of spinal nerves going
through the foramina
3. Vertebrae articulate with the ribs, forming
joints which move during respiration.
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31. 3. Thoracic cage
• Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 12 pairs of ribs
• 1 sternum/ breast bone
• The ribs are attached to the sternum by costal
cartilage
• Two pairs of ribs (rib 11 & 12) –called as floating ribs-
no anterior attachment
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32. Functions of thoracic cage
1) Protects heart, lungs, major blood vessels
2) Forms joints between the upper limbs and the
axial skeleton.
3) Manubrium (upper part of sternum),
articulates with the clavicle bones
4) Gives attachment to the respiratory muscles
to enables respiration
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33. The Sternum (breast bone )
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34. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1. Shoulder girdle and the upper limb/extremity
2. Pelvis girdle and the lower limb/extremity
3. Arches of the foot
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36. Ligaments
• A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones
or cartilages
• Function: support and strengthen joints
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38. 2. JOINTS
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39. Joints = Articulations
Articulation – site where two or more
bones meet
Two Fundamental Functions of Joints:
Allow the skeleton to have mobility
Hold the skeleton together
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40. Classification of Joints: Structural
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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41. Classification of Joints: Functional
Fibrous joints – immovable
Cartilaginous joints – slightly movable
Synovial joints – freely movable
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42. Structural - Fibrous Joints
-The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
- No joint cavity
- Most are immovable (synarthroses)
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43. Example of fibrous joint
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44. Example of fibrous joint
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45. Example of fibrous joint
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46. Structural – Cartilaginous Joints
- Articulating bones are joined by
cartilage
- No joint cavity
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47. Example of cartilaginous joint
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48. Example of cartilaginous joint
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49. Example of cartilaginous joint
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50. Structural – Synovial Joints
Articulating bones are separated by a
joint cavity containing fluid
All are freely movable diarthroses
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51. Example of synovial joint
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52. Synovial Joints: General Structures
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53. Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
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54. Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
Nonaxial – slipping movements only
Uniaxial – movement in one plane
Biaxial – movement in two planes
Multiaxial – movement around all planes
Three General Types of Movements:
Gliding (slipping)
Angular
Rotation
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55. Gliding (slipping) movements
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another bone
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56. Angular movements
Involve change of angle between bones
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57. Example of angular movement
Flexion
- bending movement
that decreases the
angle of the joint
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58. Example of angular movement
Extension
-straightening movement that increases
the angle of the joint
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59. Example of angular movement
Dorsiflexion &
Plantar flexion
- Up and down
movement of the
foot
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60. Example of angular movement
• Abduction
— movement of a limb away from the midline or
median plane
• Adduction
— movement of a limb toward the midline or
median plane
• Circumduction
— movement of a limb describing a cone in space
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61. Rotation movements
Turning of a bone around its own axis
Example:
Hip and shoulder joints
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62. Special Movements
Supination and Pronation
– movements of radius around the ulna –
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63. Special Movements
Inversion and Eversion
Protraction and Retraction
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64. Special Movements
Elevation and
Depression
Opposition
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65. Types of Synovial Joints-Diarthrotic
Six Major Categories:
Plane Condyloid
Hinge Saddle
Pivot Ball-and-Socket
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66. Types of Synovial Joints - Hinge
Motion is along a single plane (only permits
flexion and extension)
Resembles action of a hinge
Examples:
elbow joint
knee joint 66
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67. Ball & socket
Example :
SHOULDER JOINT
HIP JOINT
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68. Condyloid
• Oval shaped condyle
• Angular motion but not rotation
Example : Occipital condyles with atlas;
metacarpals & metatarsals with
palanges
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69. Saddle
• Articulating surfaces of both bones (concave &
convex regions)
• Permits wide range of movement
Example:
Carpometacarpal joint of thump is
the only saddle joint in the body
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70. Pivot
• Rounded or conical surface of one bone fits
into a ring of bone or tendon
• For rotation
Example:
Joint between the atlas and axis;
proximal radioulnar joint
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71. Gliding/Plane
• Flat or lightly curved surfaces
• Moving against each other
• Sliding or twisting without circular movement
Example: Between carpals (wrist) &
tarsals ( ankle)
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72. 3. MUSCLE
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73. MUSCLE TISSUE
• Study of muscles is called Myology
• Muscles form 40-45% of total body
weight
• Motion - essential body function that
results from the contraction and
relaxation of muscles
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74. Cont..
• Posture maintaining both during rest and at activity
• Heat generated by skeletal muscle contraction
produce 80% of all the body heat
• Beating of heart is specific function of cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle throughout body help in movement
of secretions, waste products, etc.
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75. TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUE
• 3 Types of muscle in the body
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
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76. Types- skeletal muscle
• 40 % of body weight
• It is voluntary as it can be made to contract and
relax at conscious level
• Also called as striated muscle
• Eg: diaphragm is structurally voluntary but it
works automatically with breathing
• Upper part of esophagus is voluntary but is not
under conscious control
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77. Skeletal muscle tissue
Over 600 muscle in body
Skeletal muscle tissue has three
components (epimysium, perimysium,
endomysium)
- Connective tissue component
- Nerve and blood supply
- Muscle tissue proper
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80. Blood supply
• Skeletal muscle fibers are well supplied by
nerve and vessels which help in contraction,
supply energy and transfer of waste products
• Generally an artery and two veins accompany
the nerve that penetrate skeletal muscle
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81. Skeletal muscle and movement
• It produces movement by exerting force
on tendons which in turn pulls on bones
or other structures like skin
• They cross at least one joint and are
attached to articulating bone that form
joint.
• Abundant blood & nerve supply
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82. Group actions
- Skeletal muscle act in groups
- They are arrange in opposing pairs in joints
like flexor and extensors
- Muscle that produce desired movement is
called prime movers / agonist
- Muscle moving opposite are relaxing are
antagonist
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84. • MOST SKELETAL MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS.
• When one muscle or set of muscles CONTRACTS,
the other RELAXES.
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85. • The Muscles of the upper arm are a good
example of this dual action:
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES.
FLEXOR, A MUSCLE THAT BENDS A
JOINT.
EXTENSOR, A MUSCLE THAT
STRAIGHTENS A JOINT.
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86. A. When the BICEPS CONTRACTS, it
FLEXES the elbow joint
B. When the TRICEPS CONTRACTS, it
EXTENDS the elbow joint
C. A controlled movement requires
contraction by both muscles.
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87. SMOOTH MUSCLE
• Smooth muscle cell are small
• Not striated
• Contract more slowly
• Is under involuntary control. And they to
function as a unit and contract at the same
time. e.g intestine
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88. CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Share some characteristic with both smooth
and skeletal muscle
• Is under involuntary control and are
influenced by hormon
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90. Thank you
Questions please
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