The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, including bones and joints. It details the clavicle, scapula, humerus, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, bones of the hand and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and provides labeled anterior and posterior views. It also diagrams major joints like the shoulder, hip, knee, and their ligaments and articulating bones. The document is an in-depth anatomical reference of the appendicular skeleton.

1. The Appendicular Skeleton

2. Overview Clavicle Clavicle Pectoral girdle Scapula Scapula Humerus Hip bone Pelvis Sacrum Ulna Radius Carpus Metacarpal bones Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Metatarsal bones Tarsus Phalanges (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

3. Clavicle Sternal end Acromial end Conoid tubercle (a) Superior view Conoid tubercle Sternal end Acromial end (b) Inferior view

4. Scapula Superior border Superior angle Suprascapular notch Acromion Acromion Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Lateral angle Glenoid cavity Spine Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

5. Humerus Greater tubercle Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Olecranon fossa Trochlea (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

6. Shoulder Joint Acromioclavicular joint Acromion of scapula Clavicle Head of humerus Coracobrachialis muscle Deltoid muscle (cut and folded back) Pectoralis major muscle Biceps brachii muscle: Short head Long head (a) Anterior dissection © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Timothy L. Vacula, photographer

7. Radius and Ulna Olecranon Olecranon Trochlear notch Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Head of radius Coronoid process Neck of radius Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Styloid process Articular facets (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

8. Bones of the Hand Distal phalanx II Key to carpal bones Distal row Middle phalanx II Proximal row Proximal phalanx II Distal phalanx I II III IV Head V Phalanges Body Proximal phalanx I Base I Head Body First metacarpal Metacarpal bones Base Hamulus of hamate Trapezoid Hamate Trapezium Carpal bones Pisiform Carpal bones Capitate Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate (a) Anterior view

9. Coxal Bones Iliac crest Iliac fossa Base of sacrum Ilium Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Pelvic surface of sacrum Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic inlet Spine Coccyx Acetabulum Ischium Body Interpubic disc Ramus Obturator foramen Superior ramus Pubis Inferior ramus Body Pubic symphysis (a) Anterosuperior view

10. Lateral View Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Inferior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Body of ilium Acetabulum Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Body of pubis Lesser sciatic notch Inferior ramus of pubis Body of ischium Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Ramus of ischium (a) Lateral view

11. Medial View Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Arcuate line Auricular surface Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pectineal line Location of pubic symphysis Obturator foramen Ramus of ischium (b) Medial view

12. Femur Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Head Neck Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip Articulates distally with tibia and patella Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Medial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar line Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Base of patella Articular facets Apex of patella (b) Posterior view (a) Anterior view

13. Coxal Joint Acetabular labrum Acetabulum Head of femur Greater trochanter Round ligament Shaft of femur (a) Anterior dissection © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Timothy L. Vacula, photographer

14. Coxal Joint Round ligament (cut) Fovea capitis Acetabulum Head of femur Labrum Greater trochanter Ischial tuberosity Femur Obturator membrane Transverse acetabular ligament (b) Lateral view, femur retracted

15. Tibia and Fibula Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Lateral condyle Apex Head of fibula Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Lateral surface Anterior crest Tibia Fibula Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view (a) Anterior view

16. Medial Lateral Knee Joint Femur: Shaft Patellar surface Medial condyle Lateral condyle Joint capsule Joint cavity: Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Tibia: Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tuberosity Patellar ligament Patella (posterior surface) Articular facets Quadriceps tendon (reflected) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

17. Femur Femur Medial condyle Patellar surface Anterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Lateral condyle Tibial collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Articular cartilage of tibia Posterior cruciate ligament Tibial collateral ligament Transverse ligament Patellar ligament (cut) Fibula Fibula Tibia Tibia (b) Posterior view (a) Anterior view Quadriceps femoris Quadriceps femoris tendon Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Femur Suprapatellar bursa Bursa under lateral head of gastrocnemius Medial meniscus Prepatellar bursa Synovial membrane Joint capsule Patella Articular cartilage Medial condyle of tibia Synovial membrane Joint cavity Meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Superficial infrapatellar bursa Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle of tibia Patellar ligament Tibia Deep infrapatellar bursa (c) Sagittal section (d) Superior view of tibia and menisci

18. Bones of the Foot Distal phalanx I Distal phalanx V Proximal phalanx I Middle phalanx V Proximal phalanx V Metatarsal II I III IV V Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Calcaneus Trochlear surface of talus Key to tarsal bones Distal group Proximal group Tuberosity of calcaneus (a) Superior (dorsal) view