The document summarizes the bones and joints of the appendicular skeleton. It identifies the bones of the pectoral girdle as the clavicle and scapula. It also identifies the bones of the upper limb as the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It describes the principal joints between the upper limb bones as the acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, elbow joint, radio-carpal joint, carpo-metacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and interphalangeal joints.

1. Appendicular Skeleton.
BY:
Shahzad Bashir.

2. Identify the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and
their principal markings.
Identify the bones of the upper limb and their principal
markings.
Describe the joints between the upper limb bones.
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3. Composed of 126 bones
◦ Limbs (appendages)
◦ Pectoral girdle
◦ Pelvic girdle

6. Bones of the upper limbs.
S. No REGIONS BONES NAME NUMBER.
1. Shoulder Scapula. 1
Girdle Clavicle. 1
2. Upper Arm Humerus 1
3. Fore Arm Ulna. 1
Radius 1
4. Wrist Carpels 8
5. Hands Meta- Carpels 5
6. Fingers Phalanges 14
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7. Bone of the upper limbs are attached to the skeleton of
the trunk by the shoulder girdle.
It is made up of two bones:
◦ Clavicle — Collarbone
◦ Scapula — Shoulder blade
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9. One in number.
Long bone lying at root of neck.
Has an S- shaped Shaft.
It has two Extremities
◦ Sternal Extremity
◦ Acromial Extremity.
Sternal Extremity articulates with STERNUM MANUBRIUM.
Acromial Extremity articulates with ACROMION PROCESS
OF SCUPULA.
It is also called COLLAR BONE.
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10. Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular joint
joint Sternum
CLAVICLE
CLAVICLE
Glenohumeral
joint
SCAPULA
SCAPULA
Rib
Rib
Humerus Humerus
Vertebrae
Anterior view of pectoral girdle Posterior view of pectoral girdle 10

12. STERNO – CLAVICULAR JOINT. (With Sternum)
ACROMIO – CLAVICULAR JOINT. (With
Acromion Process of Scapula).
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13. One in number.
Flat bone lying over the ribs on the upper back between
the levels of the second and seventh ribs.
Also know as SHOULDER BLADE.
Triangular Shaped has 2 Surfaces, 3 Angles and 3
Borders.
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14. Subscapular fossa
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa

15. SURFACES: Has two Surfaces.
ANTERIOR SURFACE: Consists of Sub scapular Fossa
lying against ribs.
POSTERIOR SURFACE: Divided by Spine into SUPRA
SPINOUS FOSSA above and INFRA SPINOUS
FOSSA below.
Spine ends in ACROMION PROCESS, which articulates
with Clavicle to form the ACROMIOCLAVICULAR
JOINT.
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16. ANGLES: Scapula has three angles.
Superior Angle.
Inferior Angle.
Lateral Angle.
◦ LATERAL ANGLE contains GLENOID CAVITY into
which head of Humerus fits to form the
GLENOHUMERAL (shoulder) JOINT.
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17. BORDERS: Scapula has three borders.
Medical Border.
Lateral Border.
Superior Border.
◦ SUPERIOR BORDER ends in CORICOID PROCESS to
which the tendons and ligaments attach.
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18. ACROMIO – CLAVICULAR Joint. (With Clavicle)
HUMERO – SCAPIULAR/ GLENOHUMERAL
(shoulder) JOINT ( With Humerus).
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19. Each upper limb includes a Humerus, ulna, Clavicle
radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Scapula
HUMERUS
RADIUS
ULNA
CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
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20. One in number.
The humerus, or arm bone, is the longest and largest
bone of the upper limb.
It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at
the elbow with two bones, the ulna and the radius.
Long bone of upper limbs extending from shoulder to
elbow.
It has two Extremities and One Shaft.
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22. UPPER EXTREMITY:
Head is 1/3rd sphere and articulates with GLENOID
CAVITY OF SCAPPULA to form the
GLENOHUMERAL JOINT.
Anatomical neck.
Greater Tubercle: (Laterally Below neck).
Less Tubercle:( Anteriorly)
Intertubercular sulcus : ( B/W the 2 Tubercle for
Tendons of Biceps Muscles).
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23. SHAFT:
Long and thin.
Rounded (Superiorly)
Flattened (Inferiorly)
Deltoid Tuberosity: (Laterally V-shaped area for the
tendons of Deltoid Muscle)
Radial Groove: (Posteriorly for Radial Nerve)
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24. LOWER EXTREMITY:
Broad and flat.
Has TROCHLEA (Pulley) (Medially) for articulation with
ULNA.
Has CAPITULLAM (Capit = head) (Laterally) for
articulation with RADIUS.
Medial and lateral Epicondyles.
CORONOID FOSSA: (Anteriorly) receives Coronoid
Process of ulna when arm is flexed.
OLECRANON FOSSA: (Posteriorly) receives Olecraon
process of ulna when arm is Extended.
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25. 4/6/2013 25

26. HEMERO –SCAPULAR JOINT ( Shoulder Joint)
HEMERO – ULNAR JOINT
HEMERO – RADIAL JOINT. (Elbow Joint)
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27. One in each arm.
Long Medial bone of Fore-arm.
Long than Radius.
It has Two Extremities and One Shaft.
UPPER EXTREMITY:
Strong and Thick.
Articulates with Humerus to form part of Elbow Joint.
CORONOID PROCESS: Projects Anteriorly and fits into
CORONOID FOSSA OF HUMERUS when elbow is bent.
OLERANON PROESS: The prominence of ulna anteriorly
fits into the OLECRANON FOSSA OF HUMERUS when
elbow is straight.
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28. OLECRANON
TROCHLEAR NOTCH
CORONOID PROCESS
RADIAL NOTCH

29. TROCHLEAR NOTCH: Is a large curved area
between Olecranon and Coronoid Process.
RADIAL NOTCH: Is an articulating surface for head
of radius to form PROXIMAL/ SUPERIOR RADIO-
ULNAR JOINT.
SHAFT:
Thinner at lower end.
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30. LOWER EXTREMITY:
Small rounded head articulates with Radius to form
INFERIOR/DISTAL RADIO – ULNAR JOINT.
STYLOID PROCESS: Projects down wards
posteriorly. It provides attachment for the ulnar
collateral ligament to the wrist.
JOINTS OF ULNA:
HUMERO – ULNAR (Elbow Joint)
SUPERIOR/PROXIMAL – RADIO- ULNAR JOINT.
INFERIOR/DISTAL – RTADIO – ULNAR JOINT.
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31. One bone in each fore-arm.
Long bone LATERAL BONE OF FORE ARM.
Smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect (thumb
side) of the forearm.
Nat its proximal end and widens at its distal end.
It has two Extremity and One Shaft.
UPPER EXTREMITY:
Button shaped/disc-shaped Head with shallow upper surface for
articulation with Capitulum of HUMERUS.
Sides of the head articulates with RADIAL NOTCH OF ULNA.
Neck lies below the head.
RADIAL TUBEROSITY: Lies medially below neck for insertion of
BICEPS- MUSCLES.
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33. SHAFT.
Narrow above and wide below.
LOWER EXTREMITY:
Square in shape.
ULNAR NOTCH: Is an articulating surface on medial side
for articulation with head of Ulna to form
INFERIOR/DISTAL RADIO- ULNAR JOINT.
STYLOD PROCESS: Laterally projecting downwards to
provides attachment for muscle.
Distal end of the radius articulates with three bones of the
wrist — the Lunate, the Scaphoid, and the Triquetrum —to
form the RADIOCARPAL (WRIST) JOINT.
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34. HUMERO- RADIAL (Elbow Joint)
SUPERIOR/PROXIMAL – RADIO- ULNAR JOINT.
INFERIOR/DISTAL – RADIO – ULNAR JOINT.
RADIO – CARPAL JOINT (Wrist Joint)
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35. The Carpus (wrist) is the proximal region of the hand.
Consists of eight (each wrist)small bones called carpals.
The Capitate is the largest carpal bone.
Carpals joined to one another by ligaments.
Short bones arranged in two transverse Rows of four
bones from medial to lateral.
UPPER ROW:
Scaphoid or Navicular (Boat – Shaped)
Lunate: ( Cresent, Moon – Shaped)
Triquetrum: (Three Sided)
Pisiform: (Pea – Shaped)
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36. MNEMONIC for carpal bones*:
Stop Letting Those People Touch The
Cadaver’s Hand.

37. LOWER ROWS:
Trapezium: ( Four – Sided)
Trapezoid: (Four – Sided)
Capitate: (Head – Shaped)
Hamate: (Hammer, Hooked – Shaped)
JOINTS OF CARPALS.
INTERCARPAL JOINTS. (Between Each other).
RADIO – CARPALS JOINT. (Wrist Joint)
CARPO- METACARPAL JOINT.
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38. The metacarpus (meta- beyond), or palm, is the
intermediate region of the hand.
Consists of five long bones (each hand) called
metacarpals.
Each has Two Extremity and One Shaft.
PROXIMAL EXTREMITY : Articulates with distal
row of Carpals to form CARPOMETACARPAL
JOINTS.
DISTAL EXTREMITY: Articulates with Proximal row
of Phalanges to form METACARPOPHALANGEAL
JOINTS.
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39. JOINTS OF METACARPALS.
CARPO- METACARPAL JOINT.(With Carpals)
METACARPO – PHALANGEAL JOINT.(With
Phalanges)
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40. The phalanges (Phalan = a battle line), or bones of the
digits, make up the distal part of the hand.
Fourteen in each hand.
Long bones forming fingers.
Three in each finger.
Two in Thumb(pollex).
JOINTS OF PHALANGES.
METACARPO- PHALANGES JOINT.
INTER-PHALANGEAL JOINT.
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41. Acromio-Clavicular Joint.
Sterno-Clavicular Joint.
Humero -Scapular Joint. (Shoulder Joint)
Humero- Ulnar Joint. (Elbow Joint)
Humero- Radial Joint.
Superior -Radio Ulnar Joint.
Inferior- Radio Ulnar Joint.
Radio –Carpal Joint. (Wrist Joint)
Carpo –Meta-Carpal Joint.
Meta Carpo –Phalangeal Joint.
Inter- Phalangeal Joint.
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42. Tortora, G. J. & Grabowski, S.R. (2000). Principles
of anatomy and physiology (12th ed.). New York:
John Wiley & sons Inc.
Eline, N.M, Essential of human anatomy &
physiology (9th ed.). New York: John Wiley & sons
Inc.
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