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The vomer is a thin, triangular bone that forms the posterior inferior part of the nasal septum. It has four borders - superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The superior border articulates with the sphenoid bone. The inferior border articulates with the maxilla and palatine bones. The anterior border articulates with the ethmoid bone superiorly and nasal septal cartilage inferiorly. The posterior border separates the two nasal cavities. Congenital absence of the vomer can lead to a defect in the posterior nasal septum, though trauma, infection, and other causes are more common. Knowledge of imaging features is important for correctly diagnosing vomer agenesis.
The document discusses the skeletal structure of the head and neck, including the bones and features of the occipital bone such as the external occipital protuberance and crests. It also labels diagrams of the occipital bone, identifying the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, parietal bone, occipital bone, and nuchal lines on the back of the skull. The document appears to be educational material about human anatomy for dental students.
The document discusses the anatomy of the spinal cord including its structure, blood supply, and syndromes. Key points include:
- The spinal cord is cylindrical in shape and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of L1.
- It is surrounded by three protective membranes called the meninges.
- The spinal cord contains grey matter in an H-shaped configuration containing nuclei that are motor, sensory, or visceral.
- White matter tracts carry ascending and descending signals and are located in the anterior, posterior, and lateral columns.
- Important ascending tracts include the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts carrying pain/temperature and crude touch.
The document discusses the anatomy of the urogenital region. It describes two layers of superficial fascia and two layers of deep fascia in the region. Between the layers are the superficial and deep perineal spaces which contain structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The urogenital diaphragm forms a triangle that supports the urethra. The perineal membrane separates the spaces and has openings for structures to pass through. The perineal body is a fibromuscular mass of connective tissue in the midline that provides support and attachment for muscles in the area.
Development of Diaphragm, Skull, Vertebrae & Limbs (Special Embryology)Dr. Sherif Fahmy
1) The diaphragm develops from the septum transversum, cervical myotomes, pleuro-peritoneal membrane, mesoesophagus, thoracic wall mesoderm, and mesoderm around the aorta.
2) The skull develops from two parts - the neurocranium which forms the brain box and viscerocranium. The neurocranium has a cartilaginous and membranous portion while the viscerocranium has membranous and cartilaginous portions.
3) The vertebral column develops from the notochord surrounded by sclerotomes which form the vertebral bodies. Vertebral bodies first form as me
The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long flat bone located in the anterior median portion of the chest wall. It consists of three parts - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is the thickest and strongest part, while the body is longer and narrower. The xiphoid process is the smallest portion at the bottom of the sternum. Several muscles attach to the surfaces of the sternum, including the pectoralis major and diaphragm. The sternum provides attachments for ribs and costal cartilages. It is an important landmark for anatomical structures in the thorax such as the heart and great vessels.
The document describes key stages in the further development of the embryonic disc, including the formation of the notochord, neural tube, intra-embryonic mesoderm and coelom. It also discusses the yolk sac and folding of the embryo, connecting stalk, allantoic diverticulum, and the effects of head and tail folds on positioning other structures. The timeline provides an overview of developmental events from 15 to 23 days.
The vomer is a thin, triangular bone that forms the posterior inferior part of the nasal septum. It has four borders - superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The superior border articulates with the sphenoid bone. The inferior border articulates with the maxilla and palatine bones. The anterior border articulates with the ethmoid bone superiorly and nasal septal cartilage inferiorly. The posterior border separates the two nasal cavities. Congenital absence of the vomer can lead to a defect in the posterior nasal septum, though trauma, infection, and other causes are more common. Knowledge of imaging features is important for correctly diagnosing vomer agenesis.
The document discusses the skeletal structure of the head and neck, including the bones and features of the occipital bone such as the external occipital protuberance and crests. It also labels diagrams of the occipital bone, identifying the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, parietal bone, occipital bone, and nuchal lines on the back of the skull. The document appears to be educational material about human anatomy for dental students.
The document discusses the anatomy of the spinal cord including its structure, blood supply, and syndromes. Key points include:
- The spinal cord is cylindrical in shape and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of L1.
- It is surrounded by three protective membranes called the meninges.
- The spinal cord contains grey matter in an H-shaped configuration containing nuclei that are motor, sensory, or visceral.
- White matter tracts carry ascending and descending signals and are located in the anterior, posterior, and lateral columns.
- Important ascending tracts include the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts carrying pain/temperature and crude touch.
The document discusses the anatomy of the urogenital region. It describes two layers of superficial fascia and two layers of deep fascia in the region. Between the layers are the superficial and deep perineal spaces which contain structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The urogenital diaphragm forms a triangle that supports the urethra. The perineal membrane separates the spaces and has openings for structures to pass through. The perineal body is a fibromuscular mass of connective tissue in the midline that provides support and attachment for muscles in the area.
Development of Diaphragm, Skull, Vertebrae & Limbs (Special Embryology)Dr. Sherif Fahmy
1) The diaphragm develops from the septum transversum, cervical myotomes, pleuro-peritoneal membrane, mesoesophagus, thoracic wall mesoderm, and mesoderm around the aorta.
2) The skull develops from two parts - the neurocranium which forms the brain box and viscerocranium. The neurocranium has a cartilaginous and membranous portion while the viscerocranium has membranous and cartilaginous portions.
3) The vertebral column develops from the notochord surrounded by sclerotomes which form the vertebral bodies. Vertebral bodies first form as me
The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long flat bone located in the anterior median portion of the chest wall. It consists of three parts - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is the thickest and strongest part, while the body is longer and narrower. The xiphoid process is the smallest portion at the bottom of the sternum. Several muscles attach to the surfaces of the sternum, including the pectoralis major and diaphragm. The sternum provides attachments for ribs and costal cartilages. It is an important landmark for anatomical structures in the thorax such as the heart and great vessels.
The document describes key stages in the further development of the embryonic disc, including the formation of the notochord, neural tube, intra-embryonic mesoderm and coelom. It also discusses the yolk sac and folding of the embryo, connecting stalk, allantoic diverticulum, and the effects of head and tail folds on positioning other structures. The timeline provides an overview of developmental events from 15 to 23 days.
The trigeminal nerve divides into three major branches - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These branches innervate the face and associated structures. The maxillary nerve passes through multiple foramina and fossae, supplying structures like the orbit, palate, nasal cavity and upper lip. The mandibular nerve divides into anterior and posterior branches that innervate muscles like the masseter and tissues of the lower face and oral cavity. Key ganglia like the pterygopalatine and otic relay parasympathetic fibers to glands like the parotid.
1. The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae located between the hip bones at the base of the spine.
2. It has anterior and posterior surfaces, with the anterior surface facing downward and forward into the pelvis.
3. The sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx and contains the sacral canal which houses the cauda equina and other structures.
The document discusses the anatomy of the vertebral column. It describes the regional characteristics and structures of the typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. It also covers age-related changes to the vertebrae, common spinal pathologies like spondylosis and spondylolisthesis, radiologic anatomy of the spine, and clinical procedures involving the vertebral column.
CERVICAL PART OF SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
https://www.slideshare.net/DRCAPRICORN/slideshelf
VESSICO-BULLOUS DISORDER LECTURE : https://youtu.be/lgizglcWJ9I
HOOVER SIGN for leg paresis/ copd=
https://youtu.be/v-rT80AksZw
BEEVOR SIGN = https://youtu.be/QTBqQ31KqUA
ALL PERIPHERAL SIGN'S OF AORTIC REGURGITATION=
https://youtu.be/JZBQGsmK4dY
SUBSCRIBE US ON YOUTUBE : www.youtube.com/c/DrCapricorn
The document provides an overview of the external morphology of the telencephalon. It discusses brain orientation and landmarks, the structure and location of the ventricles and cerebral hemispheres, and the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. It also summarizes the primary motor and sensory cortices, including Brodmann areas, homunculi, and associated functions. Finally, it briefly outlines the structure and roles of white matter tracts, basal ganglia, and other deep gray matter structures in the telencephalon.
This 37 slide presentation provides an overview of the pelvis and pelvic floor anatomy. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, the true and false pelvis cavities, and the pelvic viscera in males and females. The muscles of the pelvic floor are described in detail, including the levator ani muscle and its components. Other structures covered include the pelvic fasciae, vasculature, nerves, pudendal canal, and related clinical terms. The presentation provides a comprehensive review of key anatomical structures and relationships in the pelvis region.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of vertebrae and the spinal cord. It discusses:
1. The 33 vertebrae that make up the spinal column, which are divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
2. The general landmarks of vertebrae including the spinous process, transverse process, and vertebral body.
3. Details on the unique features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
4. That the spinal cord ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae and the cauda equina nerves extend below this point.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a lecture on the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. The objectives include identifying the structures of the external genitalia, reproductive tracts, blood and nerve supply in both sexes, and their roles in reproduction. The content will cover the anatomy and relationships of structures like the testes, vas deferens, prostate and penis in males, and vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries in females. It will also discuss the embryological development and ligaments of the reproductive organs.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh compartment. It is divided into 3 sections - anterior, medial, and posterior - by intermuscular septa. The major muscles of the anterior compartment are the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis). Together they perform knee extension. Each muscle originates on the pelvis or femur and inserts via the patella and quadriceps tendon. They are innervated by branches of the femoral nerve.
The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface of ribs two to seven. ... It also articulates with the humerus and clavicle, forming the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and acromioclavicular joint respectively.
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) emerges from the medulla and exits the skull through the jugular foramen. It has sensory and motor functions. Sensory fibers innervate the posterior third of the tongue, tonsils, pharynx, and middle ear. Motor fibers innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle. Parasympathetic fibers pass to the otic ganglion to ultimately innervate the parotid gland and stimulate saliva secretion.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa and receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve as well as sympathetic roots from the deep petrosal nerve and parasympathetic roots from the greater superficial petrosal nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The ganglion gives off six branches that innervate structures in the face and palate.
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document summarizes orthopedic, clinical, and radiologic anatomy of the leg. It describes the bones of the proximal and distal leg, including the tibia, fibula, and ankle bones. It details the compartments of the leg and associated muscles, nerves, and vasculature. Clinical notes are provided on common injuries like fractures and compartment syndrome.
The medial compartment of the thigh contains several muscles including the hip adductors like gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, brevis and magnus. It also contains arteries like the profunda femoris and its branches, and the obturator artery. Veins include the profunda femoris and obturator veins. Nerves are the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve. The muscles act to adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The obturator artery and nerve pass through the obturator foramen and give branches to muscles in the compartment.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
The document summarizes the division of the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the vertical axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the limbs and their attachments via girdles. The skull is made up of 28 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, as well as 14 facial bones such as the maxilla, zygomatic, and mandible.
The trigeminal nerve divides into three major branches - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These branches innervate the face and associated structures. The maxillary nerve passes through multiple foramina and fossae, supplying structures like the orbit, palate, nasal cavity and upper lip. The mandibular nerve divides into anterior and posterior branches that innervate muscles like the masseter and tissues of the lower face and oral cavity. Key ganglia like the pterygopalatine and otic relay parasympathetic fibers to glands like the parotid.
1. The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae located between the hip bones at the base of the spine.
2. It has anterior and posterior surfaces, with the anterior surface facing downward and forward into the pelvis.
3. The sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx and contains the sacral canal which houses the cauda equina and other structures.
The document discusses the anatomy of the vertebral column. It describes the regional characteristics and structures of the typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. It also covers age-related changes to the vertebrae, common spinal pathologies like spondylosis and spondylolisthesis, radiologic anatomy of the spine, and clinical procedures involving the vertebral column.
CERVICAL PART OF SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
https://www.slideshare.net/DRCAPRICORN/slideshelf
VESSICO-BULLOUS DISORDER LECTURE : https://youtu.be/lgizglcWJ9I
HOOVER SIGN for leg paresis/ copd=
https://youtu.be/v-rT80AksZw
BEEVOR SIGN = https://youtu.be/QTBqQ31KqUA
ALL PERIPHERAL SIGN'S OF AORTIC REGURGITATION=
https://youtu.be/JZBQGsmK4dY
SUBSCRIBE US ON YOUTUBE : www.youtube.com/c/DrCapricorn
The document provides an overview of the external morphology of the telencephalon. It discusses brain orientation and landmarks, the structure and location of the ventricles and cerebral hemispheres, and the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. It also summarizes the primary motor and sensory cortices, including Brodmann areas, homunculi, and associated functions. Finally, it briefly outlines the structure and roles of white matter tracts, basal ganglia, and other deep gray matter structures in the telencephalon.
This 37 slide presentation provides an overview of the pelvis and pelvic floor anatomy. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, the true and false pelvis cavities, and the pelvic viscera in males and females. The muscles of the pelvic floor are described in detail, including the levator ani muscle and its components. Other structures covered include the pelvic fasciae, vasculature, nerves, pudendal canal, and related clinical terms. The presentation provides a comprehensive review of key anatomical structures and relationships in the pelvis region.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of vertebrae and the spinal cord. It discusses:
1. The 33 vertebrae that make up the spinal column, which are divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
2. The general landmarks of vertebrae including the spinous process, transverse process, and vertebral body.
3. Details on the unique features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
4. That the spinal cord ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae and the cauda equina nerves extend below this point.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a lecture on the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. The objectives include identifying the structures of the external genitalia, reproductive tracts, blood and nerve supply in both sexes, and their roles in reproduction. The content will cover the anatomy and relationships of structures like the testes, vas deferens, prostate and penis in males, and vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries in females. It will also discuss the embryological development and ligaments of the reproductive organs.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh compartment. It is divided into 3 sections - anterior, medial, and posterior - by intermuscular septa. The major muscles of the anterior compartment are the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis). Together they perform knee extension. Each muscle originates on the pelvis or femur and inserts via the patella and quadriceps tendon. They are innervated by branches of the femoral nerve.
The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface of ribs two to seven. ... It also articulates with the humerus and clavicle, forming the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and acromioclavicular joint respectively.
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) emerges from the medulla and exits the skull through the jugular foramen. It has sensory and motor functions. Sensory fibers innervate the posterior third of the tongue, tonsils, pharynx, and middle ear. Motor fibers innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle. Parasympathetic fibers pass to the otic ganglion to ultimately innervate the parotid gland and stimulate saliva secretion.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa and receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve as well as sympathetic roots from the deep petrosal nerve and parasympathetic roots from the greater superficial petrosal nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The ganglion gives off six branches that innervate structures in the face and palate.
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document summarizes orthopedic, clinical, and radiologic anatomy of the leg. It describes the bones of the proximal and distal leg, including the tibia, fibula, and ankle bones. It details the compartments of the leg and associated muscles, nerves, and vasculature. Clinical notes are provided on common injuries like fractures and compartment syndrome.
The medial compartment of the thigh contains several muscles including the hip adductors like gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, brevis and magnus. It also contains arteries like the profunda femoris and its branches, and the obturator artery. Veins include the profunda femoris and obturator veins. Nerves are the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve. The muscles act to adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The obturator artery and nerve pass through the obturator foramen and give branches to muscles in the compartment.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
The document summarizes the division of the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the vertical axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the limbs and their attachments via girdles. The skull is made up of 28 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, as well as 14 facial bones such as the maxilla, zygomatic, and mandible.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, and bones of the thorax. It provides protection for vital organs and structures of the head and trunk. The skull is formed from 22 bones including 8 cranial bones that form the neurocranium. The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. The thorax contains ribs and sternum that protect the heart and lungs.
The document describes the anatomy of the vertebral column and thorax. It begins by listing the objectives which are to describe the structures of different regions of the vertebral column. It then discusses the general structure and curves of the vertebral column. It provides detailed descriptions of the typical structures of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae as well as the atypical structures of C1 and C2. It also describes the intervertebral discs and ligaments supporting the vertebral column. Finally, it briefly discusses the structure of the sternum.
The document describes the anatomy of the vertebral column and thorax. It begins by listing the objectives which are to describe the structures of different regions of the vertebral column. It then discusses the general structure and curves of the vertebral column. It provides details on the typical structures of vertebrae including the body, processes, foramina and facets. It describes the unique structures of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae. It also discusses the intervertebral discs, ligaments and relationships between vertebrae.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, describing the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs, and their key features. It discusses the 206 bones in the adult skeleton, their classification into the axial and appendicular skeleton, and surface markings. Specific bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs are then described in detail.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, describing the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs, and their key features. It discusses the 206 bones in the adult skeleton, their classification into the axial and appendicular skeleton, and surface markings. Specific bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs are then described in detail.
The document describes the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. It notes that the appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones, including the clavicle and scapula of the pectoral girdle, the humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand in the upper limb. The pelvic girdle contains the hip bones, and the lower limb contains the femur, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Key features of individual bones like the scapula, humerus and femur are also outlined.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
This document provides information about the skeletal system, specifically focusing on the axial skeleton. It defines the main types of bones and classifies them as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. It then describes the functions of bones and divides the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The majority of the document describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It provides details on the individual bones of the skull and vertebral column, including their features and locations.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that perform several important functions. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the head, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, clavicle, and bones of the upper and lower appendages. The skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, storage, and blood cell production for the body.
The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
The document provides an overview of the bones that make up the skull and face. It describes the cranial bones that form the brain case and protect the brain, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. It also details the facial bones that underlie the facial structures and form parts of the nose, orbits, and jaws. This includes the maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, and mandible bones. Finally, it discusses the joints between cranial bones and the foramina and fossae located on the interior base of the skull.
The skull is divided into two main divisions - the cranium and face. The cranium contains 8 bones that enclose and protect the brain, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The 14 facial bones form the framework of the face and contain openings for sensory organs, food/air passage, and secure the teeth. All skull bones are firmly joined together by sutures. The temporal bones form the sides of the skull and contain structures like the external ear. The sphenoid and ethmoid bones have complex shapes and articulate with many other bones. The maxillary bones make up the upper jaw.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human skeletal system including its functions of support, movement, protection and blood cell production. It describes the main components of the skeletal system such as bones, joints and ligaments. It provides classifications of bones, joints and muscles. Key facts presented include that the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, and examples of the different types of joints like ball-and-socket and hinge joints.
The skull is formed by cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones form the cranium which encloses and protects the brain, while the facial bones form the framework of the face. There are 22 bones that make up the skull which are divided into cranial bones and facial bones. The eight large cranial bones are the paired parietal and temporal bones along with the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. These bones form the cranial vault which encloses the brain and has openings for nerves and blood vessels. The facial bones form the structures of the face and openings for senses.
Biomechanics of Shoulder Complex- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the shoulder complex, which includes 3 synovial joints - the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint. It describes the anatomy and motions of each joint, including the ligaments, muscles, and other structures involved in stabilizing and moving the shoulder. It emphasizes the integrated function of all parts of the shoulder complex to allow a wide range of motion while maintaining stability.
Biomechanical Applications to Joint Structure and FunctionDr. Gurjant Singh
This presentation will make the base of biomechanics for under graduate or post graduate students of physiotherapy. It includes the concepts of kinetics and kinematics in simplest way ro understand.
Presentation on osteomyelitis for physiotherapy students
It includes the explanation along with the treatment for osteomyelitis which may be benefitial for the physiotherapy students
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Ankylosing spondylosis and physiotherapy- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes stiffness and fusion of the spine. It typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood. Physiotherapy plays an important role in managing ankylosing spondylitis through exercises to improve mobility and flexibility of the spine, strengthen muscles, relieve pain and stiffness, and prevent further fusion of the bones. Treatment includes individual therapies like hydrotherapy, aerobic exercises and stretches, as well as group activities for additional support and education. Regular physiotherapy can help mould fibrous tissue, prevent restricted movement, and maintain physical function for those with ankylosing spondylitis.
Biomechanics of Wrist and Hand Complex- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
The document summarizes the anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist and hand complex. It describes:
1) The wrist complex consists of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, providing a large range of motion with protection of articular surfaces.
2) The radiocarpal joint involves the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex, scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum bones. The midcarpal joint connects these proximal carpals to the distal carpal row.
3) The hand complex includes 19 bones and joints distal to the carpals forming the fingers and thumb. Each finger has carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalange
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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3. The Musculoskeletal system
• 206 bones
• grouped into the axial and appendicular
skeletons
• 650 muscles
– approximately 40% of your body weight
– also divided into an axial and an appendicular
division
4. Classification of Bones
• 6 types - based on anatomical
classification
– Long bones = greater length than width
– Short bones = cube-shaped, spongy
bone except at surface
– Flat bones = two parallel plates of
compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
layer
5. – Irregular bones = cannot be grouped
– Sesamoid bones = develop in tendons
where there is considerable friction,
tension and stress
– Sutural bones = located within joints
between cranial bones
6. Bone Markings (surface features)
• Used to identify specific
elevations, depressions,
and openings of bones
• Bone markings provide
distinct and
characteristic landmarks
for orientation and
identification of bones
and associated
structures.
7. Bony Processes
• Depressions and openings
– Fissure – narrow slit
– Foramen – hole for nerves, blood vessels
– Fossa – cuplike depression
– Sulcus – furrow on a bone surface, contains a nerve or blood vessel
– Meatus – tubelike opening
• Processes – projection or outgrowth on bone for attachment
– Condyle – smoothened process at end of bone, forms a joint
– Facet – smooth flat surface, forms a joint
– Head – rounded condyle on a neck, forms a joint
– Crest – prominent ridge or projection, for attachment of connective tissues
– Epicondyle – projection above a condyle, for attachment of connective tissues
– Line – long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest), for attachment of
connective tissues
– Spinous process – sharp, slender projection, for attachment of connective tissues
– Trochanter – process of the femur, for attachment of connective tissues
– Tubercle – process of the humerus, for attachment of connective tissues
– Tuberosity – roughening on a bone surface, for attachment of connective tissues
13. The Adult Skull
• skull is made up of several cavities
– 1. cranial cavity
– 2. nasal cavity
– 3. the orbits
– 4. paranasal sinuses
• skull contains many holes for the passage of nerves and vessels =
foramen/foramina
• cranial bones also attach to membranes called meninges
• outer surface provides large areas for muscle attachment that move
the head or provide facial expressions
14. Sutures
• Immovable joints
• form boundaries between skull bones
• four main sutures
– Coronal
– Sagittal
– Lambdoid
– Squamous
– PLUS lots of smaller sutures
• e.g. Frontonasal
• e.g.Temperozygomatic
15. • part of the base of the
skull
• surrounds the foramen
magnum
• forms part of the
jugular foramen
• hypoglossal foramen
found under the occipital
condyles
Mastoid notch
Occipital Bone
16.
17. •Part of the superior and lateral
surfaces of the cranium
•united by a sagittal suture
•connects to frontal bone by coronal
suture
•connects to occipital bone by
lambdoid suture
Parietal Bone
18. •forms wall of jugular foramen
•three portions: squamous, petrous and tympanic
•petrous part houses tympanic membrane and middle and
inner ears
•auditory ossicles of middle ear transmit sound to inner ear
Temporal Bone
Petrous
portion
Tympanic
portion
20. glabella Internasal suture
Zygomatic process
of maxilla
Frontal process of maxilla
Supraorbital ridge
or margin
Frontal Bone
– Forms the forehead &
roof of the orbit
22. • Contributes to floor of cranium
• Bridges cranial and facial bones
• Optic canal allows passage of optic nerve
• Pterygoid processes sites of muscle attachment
Sphenoid Bone
23. • Irregularly shaped bone
• forms part of orbit & forms roof of nasal cavity
• Cribriform plate with olfactory foramina for olfactory nerves
• Perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum
Ethmoid Bone
25. • entire lower jaw
• articulates with
temporal bone at the
Temporomandibular
joint
• moveable part of skull
Facial Bones: Mandible
26. • Nasal bones
– Paired bones
– Articulate with frontal bone
– Extend to superior border of external
nares
• Vomer
– Forms inferior (bottom) portion of
nasal septum
– Articulates with maxillae and
palatine bones
Facial bones
Nasal bones
27. • Inferior nasal concha
– Located on each side of nasal septum
– Increase epithelial surface
– Create turbulence in inspired air
• Zygomatic bone
– Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone
– Forms zygomatic arch
Facial bones
28. • Palatine bones
– Small
– L-shaped
– Form posterior portion of
hard palate
– Contribute to floor of orbit
•Lacrimal bones
–Smallest bones in skull
–Delivers tears to nasal cavity via
nasolacrimal canal
Facial bones
29. The Orbit
• Orbital complex
– Bony recess that holds the eye
– Seven bones
• Frontal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Palatine bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Maxilla
31. Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of
the Skull, Part I
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Skull: Interior View
Cerebral surface of
Greater wing of sphenoid
Foramen
Rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa
Dorsum sella
Tuberculum sellae Sella
Turcica
32. Cranial Fossae
• Depressions in cranial
floor
• for the lobes of the
brain
• Anterior cranial fossa
– Frontal bone, ethmoid,
lesser wings of sphenoid
• Middle cranial fossa
– Sphenoid, temporal
bones, parietal bones
• Posterior cranial fossa
– Occipital bone, temporal
bones, parietal bones
35. • Bones and cartilage that
enclose the nasal cavity
• lined with a nasal mucosa
• associated with the 4
paranasal sinuses
– hollow airways
– lined with mucosa – like nasal
mucosa
– found in the frontal bones,
sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae
The Nasal Complex
37. Infant Skull: The Fontanels
• the flat bones in the infant
skull are separated by
fontanels
• fibrous connections
between skull bones
• permit infant skulls to pass
through birth canal
• permit the skulls of infants
and children to continue
growing
• will be replaced by sutures
in the adult skull
38. The Hyoid Bone
• Consists of a body, greater horns and lesser horns
• Base for muscles of the tongue and larynx
39. Adult Vertebral Column
• strong, flexible rod
– average male = 71 cm (28 inches)
– average female – 61 cm (24 inches)
• capable of moving
– anteriorly
– posteriorly
– laterally
– also rotation
• supports the head
• encloses and protects the spinal cord
• allows for the exit of 31 pairs of spinal
nerves – through intervertebral
foramina
41. Adult Vertebral Column
• vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
– discs of fibrocartilage made up of an
outer ring and a softer inner region
– found between C1 and C2 and all the
way down to between L5 and the
sacrum
– form the joints of the vertebral
column
42. Adult Vertebral Column
• absorb shock – flatten,
broaden and bulge outward
• weakening in the outer ring
can allow the herniation of
the inner material
43. Spinal Curvature
• Four curvatures: increase the strength of the column
– Thoracic (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the
fetus
– Sacral (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus
– Cervical (secondary) – forms when the baby holds its head erect
– Lumbar (secondary) – forms upon walking
44. • Every vertebrae has the
following:
– 1. body – weight bearing part of the
vertebra
• separated by the discs
– 2. vertebral arch – surrounds the
spinal cord
• surrounds a hole called a vertebral
foramen
– 3. processes – seven of them
• 1. Spinous (1) – muscle attachment
• 2. Transverse (2) – muscle
attachment
• 3. Superior articular (2) – forms
joint with upper vertebra
• 4. Inferior articular (2) – forms
joint with lower vertebra
Vertebrae
45. Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebra
• cervical vertebrae =
transverse foramina in the
transverse processes
• bifid spinous process
• 1st two cervical vertebrae
(atlas and axis) look
different but have all aspects
of a vertebrae
47. Fused Vertebrae: The sacrum & coccyx
• Sacrum - Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) – completely fused by age 30
– median sacral crest = fused spinous processes
– sacral ala = fused transverse processes
– sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
• Coccyx = Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) – completely fused by age 30
48. Rib Cage
• 12 pairs of ribs
• vertebral end for articulation with the facets of the 12 thoracic
vertebrae – both body and the transverse process
• sternal end for articulation with the sternum
49. Rib Cage
-three kinds of ribs:
1. True – separate &
direct connection to
the sternum via
costal cartilage
2. False – no direct
connection to the
sternum – joined via
a composite piece of
costal cartilage
3. Floating – no
connection to the
sternum
50. Sternum
• comprised of the:
• 1. Manubrium – with
two clavicular
notches and a jugular
notch
• 2. Body – connects to
manubrium via a
sternal angle
• 3. Xiphoid process
51. Sternum & Rib Cage
• several muscles and muscle groups either originate from the
sternum and/or ribcage (or costal cartilages) or insert onto these
structures
– sternum:
• sternocleidomastoid
• sternohyoid & sternothryoid – depresses hyoid bone and larynx
– ribcage:
• intercostals – external and internal
• serratus anterior & posterior
• numerous muscles of the vertebral column
• pectoralis major & minor
• 4 muscles of the abdominal wall
54. Shoulder Girdle
• Includes
– Scapula (shoulder blade)
– Clavicle (collarbone)
• Squares shoulders
• Helps move the upper
limb
• Provides a base for
muscle attachment
55. Clavicle
• S-shaped bone
• Connects manubrium of sternum to the acromion process of scapula
• Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton
56. The Scapula
• Medial or vertebral border is the insertion point for the rhomboids, levator scapulae & serratus
anterior
• Two processes attach to ligaments and tendons
– Coracoid process – e.g insertion for pectoralis minor, origin of biceps
– Acromion process – e.g. origin of the deltoid
• continues on to become the scapular spine
• Articulates at the round head of the humerus to form the glenohumoral joint
• Articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
58. The Humerus
• articulates with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• possesses an anatomical neck for
capsule attachment and a surgical neck
• trochlea and capitulum form joints
with the ulna and radius = elbow joint
• numerous muscles insert at greater and
lesser tubercle
– greater tubercle – insertion of 3 rotator
cuff muscles + pectoralis major
– lesser tubercle – insertion for the other
rotator cuff
• intertubercular groove – insertion for
latissimus dorsi
• deltoid tuberosity
– insertion of deltoid muscle
59. The Radius and Ulna
• Parallel bones of the forearm
• radial tuberosity – insertion
point for the biceps brachii
• Olecranon process of ulna
articulates with olecranon
fossa of humerus
– olecranon process is a major
point of muscle attachment for
the triceps
• Coronoid fossa of humerus
accommodates coronoid
process of ulna
– insertion for the major forearm
flexor = brachialis
60. Carpal Bones
• 8 wrist bones
• Two rows, proximal and distal
– scaphoid bone, lunate bone, triquetrum, pisiform
– trapezium, trapezoid bone, capitate bone, hamate bone
– scaphoid = most commonly injured carpal bone
• fall on the outstretched hand – fracture into two separate pieces (tears blood vessels)
“Some
lovers try
positions
that they
can’t
handle”
61. Metacarpal Bones
• Articulate with distal
carpals
• Distally articulate with
phalanges
– Fingers have three
phalanges
– Pollex/thumb has two
phalanges
62. The Pelvic Girdle
• ossum coxa
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
• the pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae.
• union between pelvis and
sacrum = sacroiliac joint
63. The Pelvic Girdle
• Ilium
– Largest hip bone
– accommodates the head
of the femur
– Fused to ischium
posteriorly
– Fused to pubis anteriorly
via the superior ramus
• Pubis
– “pubic bone”
– superior & inferior ramus
• rami connect to the ilium and ischium
• surrounds the obturator foramen
– pubic symphysis is pad of
fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones
• known as an amphithrotic (slightly
movable) joint
• Ischium
– “sit bones”
– ischial spine & tuberosity
• ischial tuberosity – site of origin
for hamstrings and adductor
magnus
– lesser sciatic notch
– ramus unites with the pubis
64. – inferior pubic ramus for origin of iliacus
(hip flexor), gracilis, adductor brevis and
magnus (hip adductors)
– superior pubic ramus for origin of the hip
adductor pectineus
– pubic crest/tubercle for origin of adductor
longus
65. – iliac fossa for origin of iliacus
– iliac crest for origin of gluteus maximus and
medius
– anterior gluteal line for origin of gluteus medius
– anterior superior iliac spine for origin of
sartorius
– anterior inferior iliac spine for origin of rectus
femoris
– greater sciatic notch for passage of sciatic nerve
68. Female vs. Male Pelvis
• Smoother
• Lighter
• Less prominent markings
• Enlarged pelvic outlet
• Less sacral curvature
• Wider more circular pelvic
inlet
• Broader pubic angle
69. The Femur
• Longest bone in body
– takes 4-5 months to completely replace
• Rounded head on an anatomical
neck
– fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis to
form the hip joint
• proximal trochanters for muscle
attachment
• Distal medial and lateral condyles
articulate with tibia – to form the
knee joint
– knee joint is a hinge joint capable of one
plane of motion
70. • Large tendon attachments to
the trochanters and the linea
aspera
• Linea aspera
– roughened line on the back of the
femur
– origin for the hamstring biceps
femoris (short head) & the knee
extensor vastus medialis
– also the insertion point for
adductor longus, brevis and
magnus
• Greater and lesser
trochanters
– greater trochanter – origin
of vastus lateralis (knee
extensor) & the insertion
point for the hip abductors:
gluteus medius and minimus
and piriformis
– lesser trochanter – insertion
for iliopsoas (hip flexor)
71. The Patella
• Large sesmoid bone - forms within the tendon of the
quadriceps femoris.
• Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle group
• Patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity
72. The Tibia
• Largest bone of leg
• Tibial tuberosity
– site of insertion for the quadriceps
femoris
• Anterior margin
– known as the “shin bone”
• Intercondylar eminence
between the condyles
– condyles of the tibia form the knee
joint with the condyles of the
femur
• Medial malleolus
– Medial support for talocrural joint
75. The Tarsus
• Seven tarsal bones
– calcaneus = heel
• weight of body transferred
through this bone!
– talus – forms the ankle joint
with the tibia and fibula
• ligaments from the two
malleolus processes reinforce
this joint
– navicular
– cuboid
– 3 cuneiform bones
76. • weight passing through the calcaneus then passes along to 5 metatarsal
bones that form 2 arches:
-Longitudinal arch
-Transverse arch
78. 1. Cartilage: functions in support, attachment, protection
-cells = chondrocytes
-matrix = collagen II fibers embedded in a gel-
like ground-substance
-ground substance - water + proteoglycans
-proteoglycans – core protein (aggrecan) + sugars
(e.g. chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine)
-in developing child - model for future bone
(endochondral bone formation)
-avascular tissue - produces anti-angiogenic
chemicals (inhibits growth of blood vessels)
-therefore diffusion is the main mode of
transport
Supportive Connective tissue: Cartilage
Proteoglycan
79. -3 types: 1) Hyaline - most common
- “glass”
- ends of bones, within joints (synovial, articular),
- end of nose, supports respiratory passages
80. 2. Elastic - flexible cartilage
- external ears and parts of larynx
81. 3. Fibrocartilage - very tough -> more collagen fibers
- shock absorber
e.g. intervertebral discs of the knee
83. Articulation (A Joint)
• Wherever two bones interact
• Function depends on structure
• can classify according to:
A. structure – i.e. what they are made of
A. fibrous
B. cartilagenous
C. synovial
B. function - movement
– No movement = synarthrotic
– Slight movement = amphithrotic
– Extensive movement = diathrotic
84. •lack a synovial cavity
•articulating surfaces are held very closely by fibrous connective tissue
•three types:
1. Sutures: composed a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
-unites the bones of the skull
e.g. coronal suture
-interlocking edges of the suture gives them strength
-immovable joint
2. Syndesmoses: greater distance between articular edges
-more fibrous connective tissue
-connective tissue arranged as a sheet (interosseous membrane)
or bundle (ligament)
-slightly movable
e.g. tibiofibular ligament connecting the tibiofibular joint
e.g. interosseous membranes between the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula
3. Gomphoses: cone shaped peg fits into a socket
e.g articulations of the roots of the teeth with the jaw
-held by the periodontal ligament
-immovable
Fibrous Joints
85. •lacks a synovial cavity
•allows little or no movement
•articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
1. Synchondroses: connecting material is hyaline cartilage
e.g. epiphyseal/growth plate of a growing bone
-immovable
2. Symphyses: ends of bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage but are connected by a flat disc of
fibrocartilage
-all symphyses occur at the midline of the body
e.g. pubic symphysis - connects two ends of the pubis
bones
e.g. intervertebral joints between the bodies of 2
vertebrae
-slightly movable
Cartilagenous Joints
86. Synovial joints
•presence of a synovial cavity between the articulating bone surfaces
•freely movable joints
•lined with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
•filled with a fluid called synovial fluid
•surrounded by a fibrous capsule – inside is lined with a synovial membrane
•movement is along three possible axes:
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial or Multiaxial
Synovial Joints
87. 9-87
• Articular/Joint capsule encloses joint cavity
– continuous with periosteum of the bones of the
joint
– lined by a synovial membrane that produces
synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage
covering the joint surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
– found in the jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and
knee joints
– absorbs shock, guides bone movements and
distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
Synovial Joints: General Anatomy
88. Synovial joints
•synovial joint movement is along three possible axes:
Monaxial or uniaxial – e.g. knee joint, elbow joint
Biaxial – e.g interphalangeal joint
Triaxial or Multiaxial – e.g. shoulder & hip joint
Synovial Joints
90. 1. Planar/Gliding joints : articulating surfaces are flat or slightly
curved
-permit side to side or back and forth gliding
motions
-non-axial - no motions around an axis
-some books say they are limited monaxial joints
e.g. intercarpal joints of the wrist bones
e.g. intertarsal joints of the ankle bones
2. Hinge joints: convex surface of one bone fits into a concave
surface
-produces an angular, open and close movement
-movement is in one plane of motion = monaxial
3. Pivot joints: rounded or pointed end of one bone fits into a ring of
another
-also monaxial
-rotates around a longitudinal axis
e.g. atlas-axis joint - first 2 vertebrae
91. 4. Condyloid joints: or ellipsoid joints
-convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the
oval-shaped depression of another bone
-biaxial = two planes of motion
e.g. metacarpals and proximal phalanges
e.g. metatarsals and proximal phalanges
e.g. atlanto-occipital joint
5. Saddle joints: articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped
-modified condyloid joint
-biaxial – but more moveable than condyloid joints
e.g. thumb metacarpal and trapezium carpal bone
= trapeziometacarpal joint
6. Ball and socket joints: ball-like end of one bone fits into a
cuplike depression of another
-mult-iaxial - several planes of motion
e.g. hip joint, shoulder joint
92. Three categories based on range of
motion
• Synarthroses
– Immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses
– Slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses
– Freely movable joints
93. Synarthroses
• Bony edges may interlock
• Sutures
– Between skull bones
• Gomphosis
– Between teeth and jaw
• Synchondrosis
– Epiphyseal plate
• Synostosis
– Fused bones
94. Amphiarthroses
• Limited movements
• Syndesmosis
– Collagen fibers connect bones
• e.g. tibiofibular joint
• Symphysis
– Bones are separated by cartilage pad
• e.g. pubic symphysis
95. Diarthroses (synovial joints)
• Wide range of movement
• Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage
• Lubricated by synovial fluid
• Enclosed with joint capsule
• Accessory structures
– Menisci
– Fat pads
– Ligaments
– Tendons
– Bursae
– Tendon sheaths
96. 9-96
• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by
– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and
capsule
• stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments
– action of the muscles and tendons
• nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone
Joints: Range of Motion
98. 9-98
Movements of Head and Trunk
• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral
column
Joints: Range of Motion
99. 9-99
• Movement on
longitudinal axis
– rotation of trunk,
thigh, head or arm
• Medial rotation turns
the bone inwards
• Lateral rotation turns
the bone outwards
Special movement terms: Rotation
100. • Medial and lateral
rotation of the hand –
called Pronation &
Supination
Special movements of the hand: Pronation & Supination
101. 9-101
• Radial and ulnar
flexion
• Abduction of fingers
and thumb
• Opposition is
movement of the
thumb to approach or
touch the fingertips
• Reposition is
movement back to the
anatomical position
Special movements of the hand
102. • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot
forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point
downward as in standing on tiptoe
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
Special movement of the foot
103. 9-103
• Protraction & Retraction of mandible
• Lateral excursion = sideways movement
• Medial excursion = movement back to the midline
– side-to-side grinding during chewing
Special movement of the Mandible: Protraction & Retraction
107. The Sternoclavicular Joint
• Gliding joint
• between the sternal end of
clavicle and manubruim of
sternum
•Articular disc
•Supports include
-Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
-Interclavicular ligaments
-Costoclavicular ligaments
108. The Shoulder Joint
• known as the
glenohumoral joint
– between the glenoid fossa
and head of humerus
• Loose shallow joint
• Greatest range of motion
Strength and stability are
sacrificed for motion
• Supported by ligaments
and muscles
• Many bursae to decrease
friction between ligaments
109. The Elbow Joint
• Hinge joint
• Flexion and extension
• Includes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial
joint
• Supported by
– Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
– Annular ligaments
111. Joints of the Hand
• Intercarpal joints
– Gliding
• Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
– Saddle
• Carpometacarpal joints
– Gliding
• Metacarpophalangeal joints
– Ellipsoidal
• Interphalangeal joints
– Hinge
112. The Hip Joint
• Ball and socket diarthrosis
• Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur
• Flexion / extension
• Adduction / abduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
• Iliofemoral ligament
• Pubofemoral ligament
• Ischiofemoral ligament
• Transverse acetabular ligaments
• Ligament of femoral head
113.
114. The Knee Joint
• Complex hinge joint
• Resembles three separate joints
– Medial condyles of femur and tibia
– Lateral condyles of femur and tibia
– Patella and patellar surface of femur
• Flexion / extension
• Limited rotation
• Support is not a single unified capsule
– Not a single fluid cavity
• Fibrocartilage pads
• Medial and lateral menisci
• Fat pads
• Seven major ligaments bind knee joint
– Popliteals
– Patellar
– Anterior and posterior cruciates
– Tibial and fibular collaterals
115.
116.
117. The Joints of the Ankle and Foot
• Hinge joint
• Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus
– Primary joint is tibiotalar
• Stabilizing ligaments
• Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
• Intertarsal joints
– Gliding
• Tarsometatarsal joints
– Gliding
• Metatarsophalangeal
– Gliding
• Interphanageal
– Hinge