The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It secretes thyroid hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid can develop several conditions like goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and cancer. Treatment depends on the condition but may include surgery, medication, radiation, or thyroid hormone replacement pills.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Glands, Types, classification and functions(Anatomy Topic)Swatilekha Das
Anatomy Topic for B.Sc & GNM nursing students- easy explanation.
what is gland? what are the types of glands? classification of glands according to structure,and according to function. functions of exocrine and endocrine glands.
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
Glands, Types, classification and functions(Anatomy Topic)Swatilekha Das
Anatomy Topic for B.Sc & GNM nursing students- easy explanation.
what is gland? what are the types of glands? classification of glands according to structure,and according to function. functions of exocrine and endocrine glands.
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
22.chemical control & coordination in one shot.pptxanonymous
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemical
coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones
regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands
or certain cells. The endocrine system is composed of hypothalamus, pituitary
and pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis
and ovary). In addition to these, some other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, heart etc., also produce hormones. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy as
well as in mammary gland development and lactation. The atrial wall of the heart
produces atrial natriuretic factor which decreases the blood pressure. Kidney
produces erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis. The gastrointestinal tract
secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. These
hormones regulate the secretion of digestive juices and help in digestion.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Exocrine gland and
endocrine gland
Dr. P. Suganya
Assistant Professor
Department of Biotechnology
Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), Sivakasi
2. Exocrine glands
• The exocrine gland sends their
secretions through ducts directly to
target organs of the body.
• Ex. Salivary gland, pancreas, etc
3. Endocrine glands
• Endocrine glands are the ductless
glands of the endocrine system that
secrete their products, hormones
directly into the blood.
• Ex. Thyroid, pituitary gland.etc.
4. • The human body has many glands which
produce many secretions, such as sweat,
saliva, oil and hormones. Anatomically,
these glands are broadly classified into two
types based on the presence or absence of
ducts. Endocrine glands are the glands that
secrete hormones without ducts, while
exocrine glands secrete hormones through
ducts.
5. Differences between exocrine and
endocrine glands
Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands
Ducts
Endocrine glands do NOT have ducts Exocrine glands have ducts
Secretory Products
Hormones Sweat, enzymes, mucus, sebum
Route of Secretion
Secretory products released directly
into the bloodstream, eventually
reaching the target organ.
Secretory products are released to an
internal organ or the external surface
through a duct.
Examples
Thyroid glands, parathyroid glands,
pituitary glands, adrenal glands.
Salivary glands, pancreas, liver,
Brunner’s glands, oesophagal glands
6.
7. ? pituitary gland
• the pituitary gland is a part of your endocrine system.
• Its main function is to secrete hormones into your bloodstream.
• These hormones can affect other organs and glands, especially your:
• thyroid
• reproductive organs
• Adrenal glands
• The pituitary gland is sometimes
• called the master gland.
8. Pituitary gland anatomy and
function
• The pituitary gland is small and oval-shaped.
• It’s located behind your nose, near the underside of your
brain.
• It’s attached to the hypothalamus by a stalklike
structure.
• The hypothalamus is a small area of your brain.
• It’s very important in controlling the balance of your
bodily functions.
• It controls the release of hormones from the pituitary
gland.
• The pituitary gland can be divided into two different
parts: the anterior and posterior lobes.
9. Anterior lobe
• The anterior lobe of your pituitary gland is made up
of several different types of cells that produce and
release different types of hormones, including:
• Growth hormone. Growth hormone regulates
growth and physical development. It can stimulate
growth in almost all of your tissues. Its primary
targets are bones and muscles.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone. This
hormone activates your thyroid to release thyroid
hormones. Your thyroid gland and the hormones it
produces are crucial for metabolism.
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone. This
hormone stimulates your adrenal glands to produce
cortisol and other hormones.
10. • Follicle-stimulating hormone. Follicle-stimulating
hormone is involved with estrogen secretion and the
growth of egg cells in women. It’s also important for
sperm cell production in men.
• Luteinizing hormone. Luteinizing hormone is involved
in the production of estrogen in women and testosterone
in men.
• Prolactin. Prolactin helps women who are breastfeeding
produce milk.
• Endorphins. Endorphins have pain-relieving properties
and are thought to be connected to the “pleasure centers”
of the brain.
• Enkephalins. Enkephalins are closely related to
endorphins and have similar pain-relieving effects.
• Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. This hormone
helps to stimulate increased pigmentation of your skin in
response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
11. Posterior lobe
• The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also
secretes hormones. These hormones are usually
produced in your hypothalamus and stored in the
posterior lobe until they’re released.
• Hormones stored in the posterior lobe include:
• Vasopressin. This is also called antidiuretic
hormone. It helps your body conserve water and
prevent dehydration.
• Oxytocin. This hormone stimulates the release of
breast milk. It also stimulates contractions of the
uterus during labor.
12. Pituitary gland conditions
• Pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors are usually
noncancerous. However, they often interfere with the
release of hormones. They can also press against other
areas of your brain, leading to vision problems or
headaches.
• Hypopituitarism. This condition causes your pituitary
gland to produce very little or none of one or more of its
hormones. This can affect things like growth or
reproductive system function.
• Acromegaly. In this condition, your pituitary gland
produces too much growth hormone. This can lead to
excessive growth, especially of your hands and feet. It’s
often associated with pituitary tumors.
13. Symptoms
• headaches
• weakness or fatigue
• high blood pressure
• unexplained weight gain
• trouble sleeping
• changes in psychological state, including mood
swings or depression
• memory loss
• reproductive issues, including infertility
14. Tips for pituitary gland health
Eat a balanced, healthy diet
• eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which are
great sources of fiber, vitamins, and minerals
• choosing good sources of fats, such as those that
contain omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated
fats
• opting for whole grains over refined grains
• reducing sodium intake
• avoiding refined sugars
• drinking at least four to six cups of water a day
• Reduce stress and depression
16. Thyroid gland
• Largest gland in the body
• Location : in the neckinferior the larynx and
spanning over the ventral surface of trachea
• Function:
– Secretion of thyroxin and triiodothyronine
– Secretion of calcitonin
17. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits
low on the front of the neck.
The thyroid has two side lobes, connected by a
bridge (isthmus) in the middle.
When the thyroid is its normal size, you can’t feel it.
Brownish-red in color, the thyroid is rich with
blood vessels.
The thyroid secretes several hormones, collectively
called thyroid hormones.
• The main hormone is thyroxine, also called T4.
• Thyroid hormones act throughout the body,
influencing metabolism, growth and development,
and body temperature
• During infancy and childhood, adequate thyroid
hormone is crucial for brain development.
18.
19.
20. Thyroid Conditions
• Goiter: A general term for thyroid swelling. Goiters can be harmless, or can
represent iodine deficiency or a condition associated with thyroid
inflammation called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
• Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid, usually from a viral infection or
autoimmune condition. Thyroiditis can be painful, or have no symptoms at
all.
• Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone production. Hyperthyroidism
is most often caused by Graves disease or an overactive thyroid nodule.
• Hypothyroidism: Low production of thyroid hormone. Thyroid damage
caused by autoimmune disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism
.
• Graves disease: An autoimmune condition in which the thyroid is
overstimulated, causing hyperthyroidism.
• Thyroid cancer: An uncommon form of cancer, thyroid cancer is usually
curable. Surgery, radiation, and hormone treatments may be used to treat
thyroid cancer.
• Thyroid nodule: A small abnormal mass or lump in the thyroid gland.
Thyroid nodules are extremely common. Few are cancerous. They may
secrete excess hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, or cause no problems.
• Thyroid storm: A rare form of hyperthyroidism in which extremely high
thyroid hormone levels cause severe illness.
21. Thyroid Treatments
• Thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy): A surgeon removes all or part of
the thyroid in an operation. Thyroidectomy is performed for thyroid
cancer, goiter, or hyperthyroidism.
• Antithyroid medications: Drugs can slow down the overproduction of
thyroid hormone in hyperthyroidism. Two common antithyroid
medicines are methimazole and propylthiouracil.
• Radioactive iodine: Iodine with radioactivity that can be used in low
doses to test the thyroid gland or destroy an overactive gland. Large
doses can be used to destroy cancerous tissue.
• External radiation: A beam of radiation is directed at the thyroid, on
multiple appointments. The high-energy rays help kill thyroid cancer
cells.
• Thyroid hormone pills: Daily treatment that replaces the amount of
thyroid hormone you can no longer make. Thyroid hormone pills
treat hypothyroidism, and are also used to help prevent thyroid
cancer from coming back after treatment.
• Recombinant human TSH: Injecting this thyroid-stimulating agent
can make thyroid cancer show up more clearly on imaging tests.