note

1. UNIT II
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
The materials that help us to make our knowledge clear and vivid through senses are
called audio-visual aids. The effective application of audio-visual aids is known as audio-visual
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technology.
According to Edgar Dale,” audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training
situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials”.
Advantages of audio visual aids
1. They are best motivators.
2. Clear images are formed
3. It gives variety
4. It provides maximum freedom
5. It gives opportunities to handle and manipulate
6. They contribute increased retentivity.
7. Helpful in attracting attention
8. Saving of energy and time
9. It meets individual differences
10. Encourages healthy classroom interaction
11. Spread of education on a mass scale
12. It provides the reinforcement to learners.
Guiding principles for the use of audio-visual aids
Principle of selection
The aids selected should be suit to the age level, grade level and characteristics of
learners. It should have specific educational value.
Principle of preparation
The teacher should aware of the nature of aid and the way to use the aids. As far as
possible, locally available material should be used in the preparation of an aid.
Principle of proper presentation
Aids should be presented in such a way so that all students can see them clearly. The
aids should be properly handled.
Principle of physical control

2. This principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate
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their lending to the teachers for use.
Principle of response
The teachers should guide the students to respond actively to the audio visual stimuli
so that they derive the maximum benefit in learning.
Principle of cost
As far as possible, use inexpensive aids.
Principle of evaluation
There should be continuous evaluation of both the audio visual material and
accompanying techniques in the light of the realization of the desired objectives.
Classification of audio visual aids
Audio visual aids can be classified on different basis in four different ways.
Audio visual
aids
Projected
aids
Non-projected
aids
Graphic
aids
Display
boards
Three dimensional
aids
Activity
aids
Audio
aids
Films
Filmstrips
OHP
LCD
Slides
Epidiascope
Cartoon
Chart
Comic
Flash card
Graph
Map
Photograph
Picture
Poster
Black board
Bulletin board
Flannel board
Magnetic board
Pegboard
IWB
Diagrams
Model
Mockup
Puppets
Specimen
Diorama
Radio
Recording
Television
CAI
Demonstration
Dramatics
Experimentation
Field trips
PI
Teaching machine

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Projected aids
A projected aid is one in which items to be perceived are projected on screen using
mechanical devices. The major projected aids are
Films/motion pictures
Motion picture or film is a series of still or motion images, in which sound is added. It
makes the observer more effective because films influence visual sense as well as auditory
sense at the same time.
Films can be classified as entertainment films and educational films.
Educational films
Educational films may be further classified into general educational films and
classroom films. Classroom films are films based on curricular subjects with an aim to
promote specific curricular subject. General educational films are films produced in order to
give awareness about a social issue to the learners. Educational films can deal with science
films, historical events, social awareness, health education, news and information. Some
entertainment films can be used as educational films. So any film can be considered as
educational if it promotes learning either help to attain knowledge or good behaviour.
Advantages of films
1. Films give impression of reality there by promoting better understanding
2. Topics are presented in easily digestible and interesting manner.
3. With the assistance of time lapse photography can show slow movements rapidly.
4. Films can reach mass audience at a low average cost per person
5. Learners get a comprehensive understanding on any topic.
6. Inspires the learners by seeing the life of great personalities
7. Can change or develop attitude.
Disadvantages of films
1. High cost
2. Need time
3. Depend others for films
Role of teachers
1. Teacher has to know what is present in the films.
2. Adequate preparation and follow up work is necessary.
3. Teacher has to select the suitable films.
4. Teacher has to consider the age, IQ of learners.
5. Teacher should clarify the doubts.
6. Teacher should give proper follow up activities.

4. 4
Filmstrips
Filmstrips are strips of film containing well integrated and sequenced transparent still
images. It can be either colour or black and white. Filmstrip without sound are called silent
filmstrips and with sound are called sound filmstrips. Generally we use 35mm wide film
strips. They are transparent in nature.
Advantages
Filmstrips are more advantageous than individual slide.
Easy to handle and transport.
Available in market.
No need of complete darkroom.
Disadvantage
Motion is not possible
Film strip projector
A film strip is 35mm wide and has a series of 12 to 48 picture frames arranged in a
sequence so that they develop a theme. A film strip can be prepared by taking a series of
photographs using a 35mm camera and then by taking a positive print of the negative film on
another 35mm film strip. Film strip projector project these film strips. These projectors are
formally known as magic lantern.
Episcope
Episcope is used for opaque projection. Pictures from text books, photographs,
drawing or any opaque material with in the size of the platform of the episcope can be
projected by this instrument.
Diascope
This is used to project transparent slides.
Epidiascope
It is an equipment for projecting objects which are either opaque or transparent in
nature. Any object can be enlarged on the screen without damaging that object. It can be used
for all classes from first standard to college level.
Uses of epidiascope
1. Without damaging an object we can illustrate the object to the whole class
2. Even small objects can be illustrated to the whole class by magnifying the object.
3. Slides can be used.

5. 4. No slide is to be prepared.
5. Any type of printed materials, handwritten materials, pictures, graphs, maps, cartoons,
coins, transparent slides, stone, remains of historical interest, fossils, bones,
specimens of living and non-living objects can be projected.
6. Complete darkness is not necessary as diascope needs.
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Overhead projector
OHP is an advanced stage of epidiascope. This projector got the name based on the
fact the at the projected image is over the head of speaker. In OHP, a transparent visual is
placed on the horizontal stage on the top of light source. Light passes through the
transparency and then reflected at an angle on to the screen.
Working of OHP
An overhead projector typically consists of a large box containing a very bright lamp
and a fan to cool it. On top of the box is a large Fresnel lens that collimates the light. Above
the box, typically on a long arm, is a mirror and lens that focuses and redirects the light
forward instead of up.
Transparencies are placed on top of the lens for display. The light from the lamp travels
through the transparency and into the mirror where it shines forward onto a screen for
display. The mirror allows both the presenter and the audience to see the image at the same
time, the presenter looking down at the transparency as if writing, the audience looking
forward at the screen. The height of the mirror can be adjusted, to both focus the image and to
make the image larger or smaller depending on how close the projector is to the screen.
Uses of OHP
1. Helps to magnify the objects.
2. Since the image is projected over the shoulder of teacher, he can face the class in
usual way at all the time, thus by teacher can observe the reactions of students and
adjust the class.
3. Teacher can even place projector on the table.
4. Easy to operate and no need of separate operator.
5. No need of darkroom.
6. Easy to change the slide since the slide is placed on the top of the transparent surface.
7. Teacher can see the slide while teaching.
8. Teacher can even modify the slide while teaching process is undergoing thereby less
depending blackboard.
9. Teacher can wipe the note from transparency sheet and use again.
10. We can use liquid materials by placing it in transparent vessels in order to show small
aquatic beings, leaf profiles, flower petal etc.
11. Teacher can focus the attention of the students by moving an opaque pointer.
12. Making teaching process more effective by using overlays.

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LCD projector
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display,
or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do
not emit light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer
monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are
common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode (CRT)
displays in most applications.
LCD projectors usually contain three separate LCD glass panels- each for red, blue
and green components of the image signal being fed into the projector. As the light passes
through LCD, individual pixels can be opened to allow light to pass or closed to black the
light. This activity modulates the light and produce image that is projected on the screen.
Slides
It is one of the oldest form of projected aids.it is a piece of transparent surface of a
specific dimension with drawings or pictures which can be mounted individually for use in a
projective equipment. It can be projected with the help of epidiascope. The educational
values of slides are attracting attention and arouse interest in pupil. It is helpful in reviewing
instructions and facilitates teacher student participation.
Uses of slides
1. Helpful in illustrating and providing visual experiences in teaching any subject.
2. Help to view for a large number of students by magnifying the image.
3. Slides help to catch the attention of students leading the learner to concentrate.
4. Helpful in reviewing, thereby helps the learner to recollect the subject.
5. Slides can remain on the screen for a long time for discussion.
6. Make the class environment more lively.
7. Slides can be used in any number depending on the need of situation.
Demerits
1. Motion is not possible.
2. If glass, it may be broken down.
Non-projected aids
Non-projected aids are classified into graphic aid, display boards ,three dimensional
aids, audio aids and activity aids.
Graphic aids
Cartoon

7. It represent a form of graphic representation that makes use of symbolism and hold
exaggeration to convey a message or point of view as quickly as possible. Cartoons are
mostly humorous and aesthetically pleasing. Educational value lies in the fact that they
appeal to all ages in almost all cultures of life.
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Chart
Chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic and verbal materials designed to present a
clear visual summary of an important development. Charts are very much effective in
showing the relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics for presenting materials
symbolically for summarizing information, for presenting abstract ideas in visual form etc.
there are different types of charts. They are
Display chart
These charts are used to create suitable environment in the classroom,
laboratory or library. Each display chart should display information only about one specific
area in the subject.
Flip chart
It is a series of charts containing visual information about the same area of
knowledge
Eg: chart showing the working of a machine and different parts.
Flow chart
It shows the functional relationship between the different aspects or parts of a
complete unit or process.
Tabular chart
In this data is presented in the tabular form. The data are tabulated under
several heads and subheads.
Tree chart
It is an effective way of showing the growth and development of a process.
The origin is represented by the trunk of a tree and various developments are shown as
branches.
Time charts
These provide a chronological frame work with in which events and
developments may be recorded. Scientific developments, cultural achievements can be
represented by this.
Graphs

8. The graphs are used to present numerical figures or statistical data. It helps in
presenting the abstract ideas through visual bars or images. Graphs are powerful and effective
means of presenting the analysis of facts or comparative studies with the help of numbers,
figures or bars. Graphs are mainly of four types.
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Line graphs
The concept are represented by means of simple lines, vertically or
horizontally drawn, their lengths being proportional to the quantities compared.
Bar graphs
They consist of bars arranged horizontally or vertically and help in
comparison of quantity size etc.
Pie graphs
In this a whole is represented by a circle and its parts are represented by
sectors of the circle, their areas being proportional to the sizes.
Pictorial graphs
In this the eye catching appeal of figures that give a three dimensional effect is
attained by flat, simplified and representational figures.
Educational uses of graphic aids
1. Lesson interesting- it helps in elucidating the lesson comprehensively.
2. Appropriate for students with low IQ- pictorial graphs provide a lot of help to the
students with lower intelligence quotient.
3. Useful for students of low age- everything is explained in detail in the graph.
4. Helpful in depicting topics involving comparisons- provide a lot of help to exhibit and
elucidate those topics which involve comparative study.
Comic
A comic strip is a form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence. The events are
arranged in the proper order in an attractive pictorial form appealing much to lower age
groups.
Diagrams
A diagram is a condensed drawing consisting primarily of lines and symbols designed
to represent the outline, inter relationships or key features of a process.
Flash cards
Flash cards are very literally used for language lessons, especially in the lower
classes. This facilitates comprehension and skill in silent reading. These are displayed only
for some seconds and hence the name flash cards.

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Maps
Map may be defined as the graphical visual representation of the earth’s surface or
portion of it. Maps are generally of three kinds.
Relief map
These are those maps in which the geographical factors of a place or area are
shown. This maps are used to explain events influenced by geographical factors.
Flat maps
In these maps only one specific aspect is shown
E.g. map showing states of India
Sketch map
In these maps only the outlines are shown, only the boundaries are given.
These maps are more useful because teaching can be made more effective by filling in the
map as the lesson progresses.
Uses of maps
1. Helpful in making lessons interesting.
2. Appropriate knowledge can be achieved with the help of maps.
3. Knowledge of various locations.
4. It shows various relationships.
5. Helps to bring about an element of reality in historical events.
6. Helps for getting knowledge about climate and vegetation.
7. To depict various types of changes.
Pictures
Pictures occupy an important place in visual aids. Children are by nature attracted
towards pictures. A history lesson can be made more interesting and understandable by
showing pictures of kings, queens, important personalities, old cities and buildings and
historical events.
Photographs
Photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear and comprehensive. They
cultivate the power of observation and judgment. Their preparation requires critical
observation of the actual object and correct judgment on the accurate and truthful
representation of facts.
Posters
The poster is a graphic representation of some strong emotional appeal that is carried
through a combination of graphic aids like cartoon, pictures, lettering and other visual arts.

10. They are designed in such a way that it catch the attention of the passerby, holds his attention
and impress on him idea or image that he will remember. It is increasingly used in all walks
of life to convey information to the man.
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Display Board
Black board
Black board is the most basic, most widely used and versatile tool for display. It is
one of the simplest and oldest of visual aids. Blackboard is a magnifying glass in the hands of
a teacher. By simply moving a piece of chalk on the blackboard a creative teacher can do
wonders in making communication concrete and meaningful.
Advantages
1. Can attract the attention of pupils.
2. Act as a good illustrative aid.
3. Breaks monotony in the classroom.
4. Enhances pupil activity.
5. Supplements audio experiences with visual perception.
6. Arouses the imagination of pupils.
Suggestions for the proper use of the chalkboard
1. It should always be kept clean.
2. The writing on the blackboard must be bold.
3. The writing should be neat, well planned and methodical.
4. Items should be presented sequentially.
5. The work on the BB should not be obstructed by the teacher.
6. Never make mistakes in the writing.
7. Highlight important pints in bringing in variety.
8. Colour chalks may be used for stressing important points.
9. Don’t wipe off the writings before pupils register the content.
10. Use a duster to clean a black board.
11. While cleaning the written material start from the top and move downwards.
Different types of black boards
Fixed black board
Fixed in class facing the class normally made of wood or concrete cement.
Black board on easel
Portable and adjustable black board
Roller black board

11. Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller mostly used for teaching higher
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classes which can be conveniently rolled up.
Graphic board
It has graphic lines and used for teaching mathematics, science and statistics.
Interactive white board
It is analogous to a standard white board with soft screen incorporating all the features
of computer and communication technology to transform itself into a media-rich interactive
instructional gadget creating a virtual learning environment in the classroom. The instructor
can then manipulate the elements on the screen. Items can be dragged, clicked and copied and
the lecturer can handwrite notes, which can be transforming into text and saved.
Advantages of interactive whiteboard over normal chalkboard
1. Any application that runs on your computer can be used on an interactive whiteboard.
2. We can surf the internet, annotate a text document or demonstrate a piece of software.
3. Promotes creative teaching and motivates students into absorbing information.
4. It helps in interactive teaching; the students can interact with the whiteboard.
5. It promotes group discussion and participation.
Bulletin board
Bulletin boards are used for depicting activities carried out in the classroom. It is very
appropriate for depicting maps and charts. It is display board to be kept in science room
which shoes visual learning material on scientific interest. The display on the bulletin board
should be attractive, appropriate, meaningful, timely and interesting. These may include
pictures, posters, pamphlets, cartoons, graphs, maps, charts, diagrams, news items, feature
articles, samples of students, creative work. Each display should be a unit containing one
central theme.
Advantages
1. Bulletin board motivates the students and arouses their interest and curiosity.
2. They can also be the source of attraction for the viewers.
3. It saves time while teaching and helps in clearing a number of concepts.
4. It helps in presenting events in sequential order.
5. It helps in developing aesthetic sense in the children.
6. It provides opportunities for the students to work in a team spirit.
7. The various types of aid material related to current knowledge can be properly
displayed through it.
Flannel board
This aid material is also known as flat board. A woolen, cotton or hair cloth is tightly
fixed on a frame of wood. The pieces of flannel cloth easily get stuck on one another.

12. Therefore behind the pieces of flannel or sand paper there are some pictures or figures which
can be shown to the students.
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Advantages or importance
1. It helps in giving a number of creative experiences to the students.
2. It saves time while teaching.
3. They bring variety in the classroom.
4. It helps in clearing a number of concepts.
5. It helps in developing aesthetic sense of the students.
6. It can be very conveniently used in junior classes for the teaching of languages,
mathematics and in the higher classes for the teaching of history, geography, civics,
mathematics and physical sciences etc.
7. It is very useful in the field of social education and can play an important role in it.
8. The material to be exhibited on the board is prepared beforehand.
9. It is less expensive.
Magnetic board
This is a framed iron sheet having a porcelain coating. Small magnets acts as adhesive
on the reverse side of the material to be displayed.
Pegboard
It can be used for compiling flat and three dimensional materials, the latter being
supported by specially made hooks and clips. Displays can also be positioned at desired
points by pegs.
Three dimensional aids
Model
Models are replica of the original work. They are used in great deal in science
teaching. Models give a thought of reality and can show the function of an object.
Uses
1. It makes learning interesting, permanent, effective and lively.
2. It is used where the actual object is either too big or too small.
3. It helps in developing the creative powers of the students by encouraging them to
come forward in the preparation of useful models relevant to the learning experience
in the subject.
4. They can be assembled and disassembled.
Mockup

13. It means a fault size dummy model which gives a false show about a thing. A certain
element of original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of
instruction.
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Puppets
The puppets can present ideas with extreme simplicity, without elaborate scenery or
costume yet effectively.
Different types of puppets
 Shadow puppets
 Rod puppets
 Hand puppets
 Glove puppets
 Stringed puppets
Specimen or objects
An object may be defined as real things which have been removed from their natural
settings. A specimen is a three dimensional object representing a small piece, segment, part
or sample of real objects. Specimens of real objects possess great educational values.
These aids are powerful, interest arousing devices which possess the capacity of
bringing into play all the five senses- touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste.
Diorama
Diorama means an exhibition o pictures seen through an opening with lighting effects.
A diorama is a three dimensional aid, incorporating a group of modeled objects against a
painted background and figures in a natural setting.
Audio/visual aids
Radio
Radio is a teaching tool which would find use virtually in every classroom. Radio as
an effective audio aid device is capable of providing valuable assistance to the teacher in the
classroom by presenting information and learning experiences to a large number of students.
Advantages
1. Pupils are able to listen to lectures, talks, discussion, seminars, symposia and panel
discussion of educational interest in which renowned authors, educationalists,
scholars and important persons may participate.
2. It is economical
3. Solves various social problems
Recordings

14. It enables the teachers to record important educational programmes and play them
back in the classroom. Educational records are of great use in the classroom. Record presents
information through audio imagery. The original sound is captured, preserved and used again
and again in classroom.
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Television
It is a powerful medium of communication that calls for the use of auditory as well as
visual sense to the learners in receiving education. From a quite large distance, television
transmits instantly every spoken or written word, the picture, the sights, sounds and the action
of the events.
Educational values of television
1. It covers a wide range of A-V materials.
2. Solve the problem of lack of qualified and trained teachers.
3. Helps the teacher for professional growth, developing skills and arts of his profession.
4. Fosters models of excellence to students.
5. Improve the learning process.
6. Helpful in upgrading curriculum.
7. Develops greater equality of opportunity.
8. It is economical as it saves time.
9. Acts as a medium of mass education.
Activity aids
Computer assisted instruction (CAI)
CAI implies the systematic control of instruction by computer. It is characterized by
testing, diagnosing, learning, prescription and thorough record keeping. Computer aid the
learning process in the following ways.
1. Ask thought provoking questions.
2. Checking how well the learner understands the topic.
3. Providing information and instruction
4. Simplifies calculations.
5. Stimulating process of learning.
6. Helps in curriculum development.
7. Development of tools in research.
Demonstration
It is a substitute for real experience. It is a re-construction of an experience and a
method of interpreting social, political and religious belief. It can be adopted to any subject
and to any audience.
Dramatization

15. It provides living emotional experiences to the students of the past events, stories and
situations involving people and human relationships. Students play different roles and try to
recreate the past happenings through physical actions, gestures, dialogues, facial expressions
etc. identifying themselves with their roles. It develops insight, creativity, imagination, ideas
and concepts. It brings to them alive the past happenings and events.
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Advantages
1. Students get an opportunity to express their pent up inner feelings and emotions.
2. Provides education with entertainment.
3. It develops the creativity and aesthetic sense in children.
4. It develops correct speech habits
5. It encourages group work.
Experimentation
An experiment has in it all the elements of an adventure. It may be possible to predict
with reasonable certainty that it will have a particular result, but the outcome is never certain
until the adventure is over. So many variables enter into the situations.
Field trips
In field trip, the students leave their classroom and go out to the fields and get their
experiences there. It is used to know the community extensively.
Advantages
1. It provides direct experiences which make the learning solid, stable, concrete and
everlasting.
2. It provides a healthful change from classroom teaching.
3. Students come in direct contact with the society outside.
4. They develop observation and keenness among the students.
5. They provide scope for expression and imagination.
6. Students become disciplined and responsible.
Programmed instruction
It is a planned sequence of experiences leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus
response relationship that have proven to be effective.
Teaching machine
It is a device designed to be operated by an individual student. The tutorial method of
teaching is the base of all programmes for teaching machines.
Uses of teaching machines
1. Instruction is individualized.
2. Content to be learnt is presented in small portions.

16. 3. Logical order of subject matter.
4. Active participation of students.
5. Learner is allowed to learn at his own pace.
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Teleconferencing
Teleconferencing means meeting through a telecommunications medium. It is a
generic term for linking people between two or more locations by electronics. There are at
least six types of teleconferencing: audio, autographic, computer, video, business television
(BTV), and distance education. The methods used differ in the technology, but common
factors contribute to the shared definition of teleconferencing:
Types of Teleconferences
Audio Teleconference:
Voice-only; sometimes called conferencing calling. Interactively links people in
remote locations via telephone lines. Audio bridges tie all lines together. Meetings can be
conducted via audio conference. Preplanning is necessary which includes naming a chair,
setting an agenda, and providing printed materials to participants ahead of time so that they
can be reviewed. Distance learning can be conducted by audio conference.
Audio graphics Teleconference:
Uses narrowband telecommunications channels to transmit visual information such as
graphics, alpha-numeric, documents, and video pictures as an adjunct to voice
communication. Other terms are desk-top computer conferencing and enhanced audio.
Devices include electronic tablets/boards; freeze-frame video terminals, integrated graphics
systems (as part of personal computers), Fax, remote-access microfiche and slide projectors,
optical graphic scanners, and voice/data terminals.
Computer Teleconference:
Uses telephone lines to connect two or more computers and modems. Anything that
can be done on a computer can be sent over the lines. It can be synchronous or asynchronous.
An example of an asynchronous mode is electronic mailing. Using electronic mail (E-Mail),
memos, reports, updates, and newsletters can be sent to anyone on the local area network
(LAN) or wide area network (WAN). Items generated on computer which are normally
printed and then sent by facsimile can be sent by E-Mail.
Computer conferencing is an emerging area for distance education. Some institutions
offer credit programs completely by computer. Students receive texts and workbooks via
mail. Through common files assigned to a class which each student can assess, teachers
upload syllabi, lectures, grades and remarks. Students download these files, compose their
assignment and remarks off-line, and then upload them to the common files.

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Video Teleconference:
Combines audio and video to provide voice communications and video images. Can
be one-way video/two-way audio or two-way video/two-way audio. It can display anything
that can be captured by a TV camera. The advantage is the capability to display moving
images. In two-way audio/video systems, a common application is to show people which
create a social presence that resembles face-to-face meetings and classes and enables
participants to see the facial expressions and physical demeanor of participants at remote
sites. Graphics are used to enhance understanding. There are three basic systems: freeze
frame, compressed, and full-motion video.
Video conferencing is an effective way to use one teacher who teaches to a number of sites. It
is very cost effective for classes which may have a small number of students enrolled at each
site. In many cases, video conferencing enables the institution or a group of institutions to
provide courses which would be canceled due to low enrollment or which could not be
supported otherwise because of the cost of providing an instructor in an unusual subject area.
Rural areas benefit particularly from classes provided through video conferencing when they
work with a larger metropolitan institution that has full-time faculty.
MASS MEDIA
Those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass
communication is the mass media. It includes television, radio, film, and print media. The
organizations that control these technologies are also known as the mass media.
Radio
It is an effective audio device and is capable of providing valuable assistance to the
teacher in the classroom by presenting information and learning experience to a large number
of students. It is available from early morning till midnight and can be used in anywhere we
are.
Radio broadcast are of two types.
General broadcastings
It provides general information about the events, news, happenings, culture etc.
Educational broadcast
It focus mainly on educational purposes and the main aim is to inspire the students to
gain greater knowledge. This can be achieved by broadcasting.
 Biographies of great personalities.
 Events
 Progress in science and technology.
 Preview of newly introduced product.

18.  Commentary, documentations.
 Playing musical instruments, motivational classes etc.
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Gyan vani
It is an educational FM radio network providing programmes covering different
aspects and levels of education including primary and secondary education, adult education,
technical and vocational education, higher education and extension education. It is to be run
by IGNOU, owned by ministry of HRD with a motto, “providing education throughout
entertainment”.
Use of radio in teaching-learning process
1. Helpful for distance education.
2. Makes it possible to listen lectures, talk, discussions, and debates
3. Highly economical
4. Speeches of experienced persons can inspire the learner.
5. Learners never feel hard to learn when knowledge is providing through entertainment.
6. Solve the problem of shortage of man-material resource.
7. Possible to provide knowledge for a large group of learners even they are not
attending class.
Limitations
1. Radio namely depends on the sense of hearing, continuous listening may make the
learner uninterested.
2. Students become more passive listeners.
3. Difficult to integrate the schedule of the programme and the specified class.
4. Learners cannot clarify their doubts.
Educational Television/Instructional Television (ETV)
ETV is an educational programme that is broadcasting through television. Television
is a powerful medium of communication that stimulates auditory as well as visual senses of a
learner. Television by combining audio and visual technology, become more effective than
audio media. It serves multiple purposes of entertainment, information and education.
Because of its better accessibility, it can bring learning materials to the masses in more direct,
effective and personal may. By educating mass, television can narrow down the number of
illiterates and hence leads to the development of India.
Gyan darshan- educational channel (2000)
Ministry of HRD, information and Broadcasting, the prasar bharti and IGNOU
launched Gyan darshan jointly on 26th January 2000 as the exclusive educational TV channel
of India. IGNOU was given the responsibility to be the nodal agency for transmission.
Some ETV
o Gyan Darshan(IGNOU)
o Discovery

19. 19
o Animal Planet
o Victers
ETV is of two kinds
Open circuit television
Common type of telecast either by private commercial stations or by public
commercial channels.
Closed circuit television
Only selective telecast can be received in TV through cables. It is the use of
video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
Use of ETV
1. It helps to teach large number of learners.
2. Teacher can widen their knowledge by observing the instructions of experts.
3. Can learn any topic.
4. Learners can easily understand because it stimulates more sense organs at a time.
5. Gives quick and lasting visual impressions and retains for a long time.
6. Live telecast is possible
7. Doubts can be clarified through programmes.
Limitation
1. Students were mere passive learners.
2. Individual difference is not considered
3. ETC schedule may not suit school timing.
4. Learners cannot clarify doubts.
5. Instruction through ETV is not always child centered.
6. Even aiming rural areas no basic facilities are provided for the functioning of ETV.
7. Language becomes an obstacle.