This document discusses instructional aids, which are materials used to aid in transferring information from an instructor to students. It defines instructional aids as devices that assist teachers in the teaching and learning process. The document categorizes instructional aids into audio aids, visual aids, audiovisual aids, and activity aids. It discusses the importance, uses, selection, preparation, and advantages of using instructional aids to enhance the learning process.
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools teaching that facilitates learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate individuals.
The aim of the learning with technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are no worth learning.’ The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that learning-clear understanding stems from the sense of experience. The teacher must ‘show’ as well as ‘tell’.
Audio-visual aids help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation, clarification, stimulation.
Audio-visual aids are also called “instructional material”.
DEFINITON
An Audio-Visual Aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
“Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. –Burton
Audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. –Edger Dale
Audio-visual aids are anything by means which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. –Good’s Dictionary of education
KEY CONCEPTSBOF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quickness learning, facilitates for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb:
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I know
This proverb says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation:
Seeing-87%
Hearing-07%
Odour-03%
Touch-02%
Taste-01%
Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informational learning, retention and recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
The aids are the stimuli for learning ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The hard to understand principles are usually made clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids.
On the use of audio-visual aids, the Kothari commission (1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational revolution’ in the country.
The National Policy on education, 1986 and as modified in 1992 has laid a great stress on the use of teaching aids, especially improvised aids, to make teaching learning more effective and realistic.
PURPOSES
To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal involvement of stu
There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.
Teaching learning Process. Process of Teaching learning Process, ELEMENTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING,SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN NURSING
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools teaching that facilitates learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate individuals.
The aim of the learning with technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are no worth learning.’ The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that learning-clear understanding stems from the sense of experience. The teacher must ‘show’ as well as ‘tell’.
Audio-visual aids help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation, clarification, stimulation.
Audio-visual aids are also called “instructional material”.
DEFINITON
An Audio-Visual Aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
“Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. –Burton
Audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. –Edger Dale
Audio-visual aids are anything by means which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. –Good’s Dictionary of education
KEY CONCEPTSBOF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quickness learning, facilitates for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb:
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I know
This proverb says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation:
Seeing-87%
Hearing-07%
Odour-03%
Touch-02%
Taste-01%
Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informational learning, retention and recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
The aids are the stimuli for learning ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The hard to understand principles are usually made clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids.
On the use of audio-visual aids, the Kothari commission (1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational revolution’ in the country.
The National Policy on education, 1986 and as modified in 1992 has laid a great stress on the use of teaching aids, especially improvised aids, to make teaching learning more effective and realistic.
PURPOSES
To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal involvement of stu
There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.
Teaching learning Process. Process of Teaching learning Process, ELEMENTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING,SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN NURSING
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Typically, however, teacher preparation is divided into two (and sometimes three) levels, where Earth science plays very different roles: Elementary education: Programs that prepare future elementary teachers often emphasize literacy and language skills, with less emphasis on math and science
Lecture method is the most commonly used method of teaching science. It is a teacher- controlled & information centered approach in which the teacher works as a sole-resource in classroom instruction.
Laboratories are wonderful settings for teaching and learning. It utilizes raw data or material things to produce better understanding of the subject matter. It is a method of learning by doing. It provides students with opportunities to think about, discuss, and solve real problems.
Project method is one of the modern method of teaching in which, the students point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies. This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of ‘Learning by doing’. In this strategy pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition. A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into the school. It demands work from the pupils.
Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Instructional MaterialsIrvin Ecalnir
Chapter 6 Instructional Methodology
MaEd Science Class 2016 - 2017
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University
Topic: Instructional Materials
Presented by Irvin N. Ecalnir
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Typically, however, teacher preparation is divided into two (and sometimes three) levels, where Earth science plays very different roles: Elementary education: Programs that prepare future elementary teachers often emphasize literacy and language skills, with less emphasis on math and science
Lecture method is the most commonly used method of teaching science. It is a teacher- controlled & information centered approach in which the teacher works as a sole-resource in classroom instruction.
Laboratories are wonderful settings for teaching and learning. It utilizes raw data or material things to produce better understanding of the subject matter. It is a method of learning by doing. It provides students with opportunities to think about, discuss, and solve real problems.
Project method is one of the modern method of teaching in which, the students point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies. This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of ‘Learning by doing’. In this strategy pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition. A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into the school. It demands work from the pupils.
Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Instructional MaterialsIrvin Ecalnir
Chapter 6 Instructional Methodology
MaEd Science Class 2016 - 2017
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University
Topic: Instructional Materials
Presented by Irvin N. Ecalnir
INTERACTIVE TEACHING AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS James Bacayan
HANDOUTS FOR GENERAL STUDY AND VERIFYING MEDIUM.
This is a research based handout that inculcates most of the general idea.
It is generally a useful tool for everyone to use.
Feel free to download and appreciate each cumulative ideas.
Introduction
Objectives
The Teaching Tools
Selecting the Audio-Visual Material
Planning to Use the Material
Preparing for the Audio-Visual Activities
Kinds of Audio-Visual Materials
Activities
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Web References-
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3. INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
• These are materials that are use to aid in the
transference of information from one to
another.
• Instruction aids are devices that assist an
instructor in the teaching learning process.
4.
5. DEFINITION
Teaching aids are materials that the
classroom teacher uses to help students
understand the concepts she/he introduces
during her/his lesson.
6. TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
Instructional Aids
Audio
Aids
Visual
Aids
Audio – Visual
Aids
Activity
Aids
49. SELECTION
• When used without proper selection and
preparation, the effective power of such aids
is lost.
• It is also true that in different situations,
certain teaching aids will be more effective
than other.
59. Contt..
• Utilization of teaching aids is done by
improving the teaching process.
• By using the all advance technology for the
benefits of people.
• For the improvement of teaching.
60. Contt..
• In the utilization of teaching resource in the
classroom setting there are some plans and
principles followed by the teacher which
include: -
64. Contt..
• Support the lesson objective.
• Build on previous learning.
• Contain useful and meaningfully content
that is constant with sound principal of
learning.
65. Contt..
• Maintain student attention and interest.
• Encourage student participation.
• Provide proper stimuli and reinforcement.
• Contain quality photo, graphs and text as
required.
66. Contt..
• Be check prior to use for completeness and
technical accuracy.
• Contain appropriate terminology for the
student.
• Be properly sequenced.
• Be easy to understand
67. Contt..
• The use of any instructional aid must be
planned, based on its ability to support a
specific point in a lesson.
• A simple method or process can be used.
• Clearly establish the lesson objective. Be
containing of what is to be communicate.
68. Contt..
• Gather the necessary data by researching for
support material.
• The plan should include important safety
consideration.
• Select the ideas to be supported with
instructional aids.
69. Contt..
• The aids should be concentrated on the key
points.
• Aids are often appropriate when long
segments of technical description are
necessary.
70. ADVANTAGES
• It can be used by students for problem
solving.
• Teaching aids makes learning permanent.
• Teaching aids are helpful in attracting
attention of the students.
71. Contt..
• Teaching aids saves time and energy.
• Teaching aids encourages the healthy classroom
instruction.
• It is also helpful in creating positive environment for
discipline.
• Teaching aids helps in providing speech training to
the people.
72. Contt..
• Teaching aids help in development of various
skills such as how to draw a diagram of the topic
among the students.
• Teaching aids provide variety.
• Teaching aids provide good substitutes for the
real object as they make learning equally
meaningful.
75. Contt..
• Today both teachers and students are overly
dependent on electronic gadgets which can be
physically and mentally harmful for young
students.
