The document discusses audio-visual aids and their importance in the learning process, defining various types of aids and their uses in education. It highlights the benefits of teaching aids in enhancing student motivation, clarifying concepts, and providing realistic learning experiences. Additionally, the document classifies teaching aids into projected and non-projected types, emphasizing their impact on student engagement and learning retention.

1. MODERATOR:
Mr. ANKIT GERG
LECTURER,
UPCHAR COLLEGE
OF NURSING
PRESENTED BY:
Mr. ASHISH DADHEECH
M.Sc. NURSING PREVIOUS YEAR
UPCHAR COLLEGE OF NURSING

2. Introduction:
 Audio- visual aids, audio-visual
materials, communication technology,
educational or instructional media
and learning resources, all these
terms have same meaning.
 The revolution in the field of
technology is due to the development
of electronics like television,
computer etc.

3. Definitions:
 According to Burton “Audio visual aids are those
sensory objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning”.
 Carter said “Audio visual aids are those aids
which help in completing the triangular process
of learning, i.e. motivation, classification and
stimulation”.
 According to Dale “Audio visual aids are those
devices by the use of which communication of
ideas between persons and group in various
teaching and training situation is helped. These
are also termed as multi-sensory materials”.

4.  According to Kinder “Audio visual aids
are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more
concrete, realistic and dynamic.
 According to Mckown and Roberts
“Audio visual aids are supplementary
devices by which the teacher, through
utilization of more than one sensory
channel is able to clarify, establish and
co-relate concepts, interpretations and
appreciations”

5. General Uses of A.V. aids:
 To provide basis for effective
perceptional and conceptional
learning.
 To increase and sustain concentration
and attention and personal
involvement of student.
 To provide corrections, realism and life
linkers in teaching learning situations.

6.  To explicate and increase the
meaningfulness of abstract concepts.
 To bring remote events either of space
or time in classroom.
 To introduce opportunities for
situational and field types of learning.
 To facilitate and advance the process
of applying what is to learned in
realishe performance and life
situations.

7. IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING
AIDS
 Motivation
Teaching aids motivate the students so that they can
learn better.
 Clarification
Through teaching aids, the teacher clarify the subject
matter more easily.
 Discouragement of Cramming
Teaching aids can facilitate the proper understanding to
the students which discourage the act of cramming.
 Increase the Vocabulary
Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the
students more effectively.

8. IMPORTANCE CONTD..
 Saves Time and Money
 Classroom Live and active
Teaching aids make the classroom live and active.
 Avoids Dullness
 Direct Experience
Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students

9. ADVANTAGES OF A.V. AIDS:
 Antidote to disease of verbal instruction.
 Best motivators.
 Clear images.
 Vicarious experience.
 Variety.
 Freedom.
 Opportunities to handle and manipulate.
 Retentivity.

10.  Based on maxims of teaching.
 Helpful in attracting attention.
 Helpful in fixing up new learning.
 Saving of energy and time.
 Realism
 Vividness.
 Meeting individual differences.
 Encouragement to healthy classroom
interaction.

11.  Spread of education.
 Promotion of scientific temper.
 Development of higher faculties.
 Reinforcement of learners.
 Positive transfer of learning and
training.
 Positive environment.

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
TEACHING AIDS:
 Meaningful and purposeful.
 Accurate.
 Simple and cheap
 They should be improvised.
 Should be large enough to be
properly seen by students.

13. CLASSIFICATION:
CLASSIFICATION NO.1:
 Projected aids.
 Non-projected aids.
CLASSFICATION NO.2:
 Audio materials
 Visual materials
 Audio-visual materials

14. PROJECTED aids:
Projected aids are those that
require audiovisual equipment in
order to be presented
properly. Some of the aids
included in this
category are slides, filmstrips,
overhead transparencies (vu-
graphs), and motion pictures.

15. Slides
Anything that can be photographed can be
made into a slide. Slides are one of the
best
known projected aids. They are found
in all types and levels of briefings, both
informative and educational.
Presentations utilizing 35-mm
slides can be both informative and
educational
while at the same time they can be
relatively inexpensive to produce.

16. Types of slides
Photographic slides:
 Black and white
 Colored
Handmade slides:
 Acetate sheet
 Cellophane
 Etched glass
 Plain glass
 Lumarith

17.  Slides can be made from photographs
and pictures by teachers and pupils
taking photographs and snapshots
when they go on fieldtrips for
historical, geographical, literacy or
scientific excursions.
 The arrangement of slides in proper
sequence, according to the topic
discussed, is an important aspect of
teaching with them.

18. Advantages:
 Requires only filming, processing and
mounting by self or laboratory.
 Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction
original subject.
 Preparation with any 35mm camera for most
uses.
 Easy to revise and up-date.
 Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for
various uses.
 Can be combined with tape narration or can
control time for discussion.
 May be adapted to group or individual use

19. Filmstrips
Filmstrips are used primarily in an
educational environment. Each frame
of the 35-mm filmstrip is related to
others in such a way that an entire
story or lesson can be contained in
one strip. A major disadvantage of
filmstrips is that they cannot be
repaired without losing a portion of
their information.

20. Principles
 Preview filmstrips before using them are
selected carefully to meet the needs of
the topic to be taught.
 Show again any part of the filmstrip
needing more specific study.
 Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build
attitudes and to point up problems.
 It should be introduced appropriately and
its relationship to the topic of the study
brought out.
 Use a pointer to direct attention, to
specific details on the screen.

21. Types of filmstrip:
 Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous
strip of film consisting of individual
frames arranged in sequence usually
with explanatory titles.
 Sound slide film: it is similar to
filmstrip but instead of explanatory
titles or spoken discussion recorded
explanation is audible, which is
synchronized with the pictures.

22. Advantages:
 Are compact, easily handled and
always in proper sequence.
 Can be supplemented with
recordings.
 are inexpensive when quantity
reproduction is required.
 are useful for group or individual study
at projection rate is controlled by
instructor or user.
 Are projected with simple light weight
equipment.

23. OPAQUE PROJECTOR
The opaque projector, epidioscope,
epidiascope or episcope is a device which
displays opaque materials by shining a bright
lamp onto the object from above. A system of
mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used
to focus an image of the material onto a
viewing screen. Because they must project
the reflected light, opaque projectors require
brighter bulbs and larger lenses than
overhead projectors. Care must be taken that
the materials are not damaged by the heat
generated by the light source.

24. Advantages:
 Stimulates attention and arouses interest.
 can project a wide range of materials like
stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is
available.
 can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures
and maps.
 does not require any written or typed
materials, hand-written material can be used.
 Helps students to retain knowledge for longer
period.
 Review instructional problems.
 Test knowledge and ability.
 Simple operation.

25. Disadvantages:
Costly equipment.
needs to use it with care.
needs a dark room for
projection

26. Two main classes of opaque
projectors thus existed:
the episcope, which solely
projected images of opaque
objects
the epidiascope, which was
capable of projecting images of
both opaque and transparent
images

27. Overhead projector:
 An overhead projector is a variant of slide
projector that is used to display images to
an audience
 An overhead projector typically consists of
a large box containing a very bright lamp
and a fan to cool it. On top of the box is a
large Fresnel lens that collimates the light.
Above the box, typically on a long arm, is a
mirror and lens that focuses and redirects
the light forward instead of up.

28. Transparencies are placed on top of the
lens for display. The light from the lamp
travels through the transparency and into
the mirror where it is shone forward onto a
screen for display. The mirror allows both
the presenter and the audience to see the
image at the same time, the presenter
looking down at the transparency as if
writing, the audience looking forward at the
screen. The height of the mirror can be
adjusted, to both focus the image and to
make the image larger or smaller
depending on how close the projector is to

29. Purposes:
 To develop concepts and sequences in a
subject matter area.
 To make marginal notes on the
transparencies for the use of the teacher
that can carry with out exposing them to the
class.
 To test students performances, while other
classmates observe.
 To show relationships by means of
transparent overlays in contrasting color.
 To give the illusion of motion in the

30. Advantages:
 it permits the teacher to stand in
front of the class while using the
projector, thus enabling her to
point out features appearing on
the screen by pointing to the
materials at the projector itself
and at the same time, to observe
the students reactions to her
discussion.
 Gains attention of the student

31. FILMS:
A film, also called a movie or
motion picture, is a series of still or
moving images. It is produced by
recording photographic images with
cameras, or by creating images using
animation techniques or visual
effects. The process of filmmaking
has developed into an art form and
industry.

32. Films are made up of a series of
individual images called frames. When
these images are shown rapidly in
succession, a viewer has the illusion that
motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see
the flickering between frames due to an
effect known as persistence of vision,
whereby the eye retains a visual image for
a fraction of a second after the source has
been removed. Viewers perceive motion
due to a psychological effect called as beta
movement.

33. AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
DEMONSTRATIONS
TELEVISION
VIDEOTAPES
FIELD TRIPS
VIDEO WITH SOUND
RECORDING

34.  Demonstration involves showing by
reason or proof, explaining or making
clear by use of examples or experiments.
But more simply, demonstration means to
clearly show. Teachers not only
demonstrate specific learning concepts
within the classroom, they can also
participate in demonstration classrooms to
help improve their own teaching
strategies, which may or may not be
demonstrative in nature.
DEMONSTRATIONS

35. DEMONSTRATIONS CONTD…
 Demonstration method is a concrete visual
aid, because of its wide use in the teaching
of nurses. In nursing education, it is used
for this purpose and also for clinics,
conferences, laboratory classes, autopsies
and teaching of health to patients. The
demonstration method teaches by
explanation and exhibition. In short, it is a
performance to show a process or activity
to others. When a teacher demonstrates,
students observe and imitate to learn.

36. ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION:-
 It activates several senses. This increases
learning, because it gives a better opportunity
for observational learning.
 It clarifies the underlying principles by
demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the
procedure.
 It provokes interest by use of concrete
illustrations.
 It correlates theory with practice engages
student’s attention and concentration.
 It encourages student’s participation in
learning through questions and answers as the
teacher performs

37. TELEVISION
Television (TV) is a telecommunication
medium for transmitting and receiving
moving images that can be
monochrome or colour, with
accompanying sound. The television
set has become commonplace in
homes, businesses and institutions,
particularly as a vehicle for advertising,
a source of entertainment, and news.

38. ADVANTAGES
 it induces effective learning.
 can relive with vividness the past events and
happening.
 it work as a powerful medium of mass education.
 can impart experiences which are out of physical
reach.
 TV programs have well planned and verbal
descriptions aided with audio visual presentation.
 Breaks the monotony of normal dullness of
classroom instructions.
 Includes latest information and findings.

39. VIDEOTAPES
A videotape is a recording of images and
sounds on to magnetic tape as opposed to
film stock or random access digital media.
Videotapes are also used for storing scientific
or medical data, such as the data produced
by an electrocardiogram. Videotape is used
in both video tape recorders(VTRs) or, more
commonly and more recently, videocassette
recorders(VCR) and camcorders.

40. Tape is a linear method of storing
information and, since nearly all video
recordings made nowadays are digital
direct to disk recording, it is expected
to gradually lose importance as non-
linear/random-access methods of
storing digital video data become
more common
VIDEOTAPE CONTD…

41. FIELD TRIPS:
The purpose of the trip is usually observation
for education, non experimental research or to
provide students with experiences outside their
everyday activities, such as going camping
with teachers and their classmates. The aim of
this research is to observe the subject in its
natural state and possibly collect samples. To
mitigate these risks and expenses, most
school systems now have formalized field trip
procedures that consider the entire trip from
estimation, approval and scheduling through
planning the actual trip and post-trip activities.

42. ADVANTAGES OF FIELD
TRIPS
 They are a way to reinforce and expand on
concepts taught in class.
 They offer students another method to learn
concepts and are especially good for the
many tactile/kinaesthetic students in your
classroom.
 They allow for a shared reference that can
be referred to later as you are teaching new
concepts. (E.g. remember when we saw...)
 They allow you and your students a different
format in which to get to know each other
and bond.

43. VIDEO WITH SOUND RECORDING
Cassette tapes, CDs, videos and DVDs
are all technology mediums that provide
both sound and vision to enhance a
presentation. Most facilities have computer
access with CD and DVD portals but older
versions of sound technology such as
cassette tapes and videos can also be
used.

44. ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO WITH
SOUND RECORDING
 It can store a large amount of data of
all kinds.
 Digitized video is much more
versatile and much easier to integrate
into educational multimedia
documents.