Systemic adaptations to training

Adaptations To Exercise Training
1
Dr. Arijit kumar Das (Asso.
Professor)
Cardio-Vascular & Respiratory PT
DVVPF College of Physiotherapy,
Ahmednagar 414111

 Skeletal system adaptation
 Endocrine system adaptation
 Aldosterone & renin-angiotensin mechanism
 Neuromuscular adaptations
 Thermoregulation
2

BONE DENSITY
 Bone density can be improved ,
when force of ex is exerted on an
area of the skeletal system over a
long period of time
4

HYALINE CARTILAGE
 Prolonged ex is shown to cause the
cartilage on the bone endings to
thicken
 This ↑ses the glide of the joint , thus
allowing smooth movt for prolonged
time period
5

LIGAMENTS & TENDONS
 Ex that consists mainly endurance
training strengthens & stiffens the
ligaments , reducing the risk of tears
& other injury
 Ex helps restoring mechanical
properties of injured ligaments
6

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM ADAPTATIONS
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HORMONAL RESPONSE TO
EXERCISE
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Hormonal effects on metabolism &
energy
 Carbohydrate & Fat metabolism is
responsible for maintaining muscle
ATP levels during prolonged ex.
 Hormones affect glucose & fat
metabolism during ex.
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 Regulation of glucose metabolism
during exercise
 Glucose demands are increased with
ex.
 2 processes help to meet these
demands
 GLYCOGENOLYSIS
 GLUCONEOLYSIS
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 PLASMA GLUCOSE LEVELS
 Hormones enhancing the above 2
processes are :-
 GLUCAGON
 EPINEPHRINE
 NOREPINEPHRINE
 CORTISOL
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GLUCAGON
 At rest it facilitates release of glucose
from liver
 During exercise glucagon secretion
increases
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EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE
 These hormones along with glucagon
increase glycogenolysis
 Muscular activity during ex increases
the rate of release of these hormones
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CORTISOL
 It increases protein catabolism &
frees amino acids to be used for
gluconeogenesis
 Cortisol levels increase during ex
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 GROWTH HORMONE increases
mobilization of FFAs & decrease in
glucose uptake by cells.
 THYROID HORMONES promote
glucose catabolism & fat metabolism.
15

 GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY THE
MUSCLES
 Insulin facilitates the uptake of
glucose by the muscles
 With prolonged submaximal ex , the
plasma insulin levels decrease 16

 Regulation of fat metabolism
during exercise
 During endurance ex bouts ,
carbohydrate reserves become
depleted & body must rely more on
the oxidation of fat for energy
production.
17

Hormonal effects on fluid &
electrolyte balance during exercise
DURING EXERCISE
1. Metabolic by-products accumulate in
& around the muscle fibers ,
increasing the osmotic pressure, d/t
which water is drawn into these areas
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2. Increased muscular activity
increases BP
& drives water out of blood
3. Sweating increases
 Combined effects of above 3 actions
is that the muscles & sweat glands
gain water at the expense of
PLASMA VOLUME
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Two major hormones involved in the
regulation of electrolyte balance are :-
ALDOSTERONE
 ADH
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ALDOSTERONE
&
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN
MECHANISM
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1.
• Muscular activity promotes
sweating & increases BP
2.
• Sweating reduces plasma
volume & blood flow to kidneys
3.
• Reduced renal blood flow
stimulates renin release from the
kidneys

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4.
• Renin leads to the formation of
angiotensin I , which is converted to
angiotensin II
5.
• Angiotensin II stimulates the release
of Aldosterone from Adrenal cortex
6.
• Aldosterone increases Na+ & H2O
reabsorption from the renal tubules &
plasma volume increases

ANTI – DIURETIC
HORMONE
( ADH )
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25
1.
• Loss of H2O content from blood
during ex , ↑ conc. of blood
2.
• Sweating too promotes
dehydration which also ↑ plasma
conc.
3.
• This leads to ↑ in plasma
osmolarity

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4.
• Osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus sense this ↑
5.
• This triggers ADH release from
posterior pituitary
6.
• ADH promotes H2O
reabsorption in the kidneys ,
leading to H2O conservation

 Neuromuscular system adaptations
occur with CHRONIC EX
 Extent of adaptations depends on
the type of training program:-
 e.g. Aerobic training
 e.g. Resistance training
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MEASURABLE COMPONENTS OF
MUSCULAR FITNESS
Muscular strength
 Muscular power
 Muscular endurance
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RESISTANCE TRAINING & GAINS
IN MUSCULAR FITNESS
 It is based on basic principle of
resistance training i.e. “ PRINCIPLE
OF PROGRESSIVE OVERLOAD”
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RESPONSE OF MUSCLES
TO
RESISTANCE TRAINING
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MUSCULAR CONTROL
 Cause – effect relationship
NEURAL CONTROL
 Synchronization & recruitment of
additional motor units
 Autogenic inhibition
 Other neural factors
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TRANSIENT HYPERTROPHY
 It is the pumping of the muscles
during single bout of ex
 Mainly d/t fluid accumulation in
interstitial & intracellular spaces of
ms.
 Lasts for short periods (few hrs after
ex)
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CHRONIC HYPERTROPHY
 It is d/t longterm resistance training
 Reflects actual structural changes in
ms.
 Can be d/t foll. reasons :-
 Fiber hyperplasia(↑ in no. of ms.
fibers)
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CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
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1.
• During ex “in heat” , there is
increase in demand of blood flow
to the active muscles & skin
2.
• Ex also ↑ metabolic heat
production
3.
• This excess heat can be
dissipated only if blood flow ↑ to
skin

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4.
• But ↑d demand of active muscles
impairs heat transfer to skin
5.
• On other hand thermoregulatory
center ↑ses blood flow to skin
6.
• D/t this superficial blood vessels
dilate to ↑ blood flow to skin

ENERGY PRODUCTION
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1.
• Ex in heat ↑ses O2 uptake
2.
• Working muscles use more
glycogen & produce more lactate
3.
• Causes fatigue & exhaustion

 Skeletal system adaptation
 Endocrine system adaptation
 Aldosterone & renin-angiotensin mechanism
 Neuromuscular adaptations
 Thermoregulation
39

1. WRITE ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADAPTATIONS? 5MARKS
2. WRITE ABOUT SKELETAL SYSTEM
ADAPTATIONS? 3MARKS
3. NOTE ON THERMOREGULATIONS. 5MARKS
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Systemic adaptations to training

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