Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Systemic adaptations to training
1. Adaptations To Exercise Training
1
Dr. Arijit kumar Das (Asso.
Professor)
Cardio-Vascular & Respiratory PT
DVVPF College of Physiotherapy,
Ahmednagar 414111
2. Skeletal system adaptation
Endocrine system adaptation
Aldosterone & renin-angiotensin mechanism
Neuromuscular adaptations
Thermoregulation
2
4. BONE DENSITY
Bone density can be improved ,
when force of ex is exerted on an
area of the skeletal system over a
long period of time
4
5. HYALINE CARTILAGE
Prolonged ex is shown to cause the
cartilage on the bone endings to
thicken
This ↑ses the glide of the joint , thus
allowing smooth movt for prolonged
time period
5
6. LIGAMENTS & TENDONS
Ex that consists mainly endurance
training strengthens & stiffens the
ligaments , reducing the risk of tears
& other injury
Ex helps restoring mechanical
properties of injured ligaments
6
9. Hormonal effects on metabolism &
energy
Carbohydrate & Fat metabolism is
responsible for maintaining muscle
ATP levels during prolonged ex.
Hormones affect glucose & fat
metabolism during ex.
9
10. Regulation of glucose metabolism
during exercise
Glucose demands are increased with
ex.
2 processes help to meet these
demands
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLUCONEOLYSIS
10
12. GLUCAGON
At rest it facilitates release of glucose
from liver
During exercise glucagon secretion
increases
12
13. EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE
These hormones along with glucagon
increase glycogenolysis
Muscular activity during ex increases
the rate of release of these hormones
13
14. CORTISOL
It increases protein catabolism &
frees amino acids to be used for
gluconeogenesis
Cortisol levels increase during ex
14
15. GROWTH HORMONE increases
mobilization of FFAs & decrease in
glucose uptake by cells.
THYROID HORMONES promote
glucose catabolism & fat metabolism.
15
16. GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY THE
MUSCLES
Insulin facilitates the uptake of
glucose by the muscles
With prolonged submaximal ex , the
plasma insulin levels decrease 16
17. Regulation of fat metabolism
during exercise
During endurance ex bouts ,
carbohydrate reserves become
depleted & body must rely more on
the oxidation of fat for energy
production.
17
18. Hormonal effects on fluid &
electrolyte balance during exercise
DURING EXERCISE
1. Metabolic by-products accumulate in
& around the muscle fibers ,
increasing the osmotic pressure, d/t
which water is drawn into these areas
18
19. 2. Increased muscular activity
increases BP
& drives water out of blood
3. Sweating increases
Combined effects of above 3 actions
is that the muscles & sweat glands
gain water at the expense of
PLASMA VOLUME
19
20. Two major hormones involved in the
regulation of electrolyte balance are :-
ALDOSTERONE
ADH
20
22. 22
1.
• Muscular activity promotes
sweating & increases BP
2.
• Sweating reduces plasma
volume & blood flow to kidneys
3.
• Reduced renal blood flow
stimulates renin release from the
kidneys
23. 23
4.
• Renin leads to the formation of
angiotensin I , which is converted to
angiotensin II
5.
• Angiotensin II stimulates the release
of Aldosterone from Adrenal cortex
6.
• Aldosterone increases Na+ & H2O
reabsorption from the renal tubules &
plasma volume increases
25. 25
1.
• Loss of H2O content from blood
during ex , ↑ conc. of blood
2.
• Sweating too promotes
dehydration which also ↑ plasma
conc.
3.
• This leads to ↑ in plasma
osmolarity
26. 26
4.
• Osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus sense this ↑
5.
• This triggers ADH release from
posterior pituitary
6.
• ADH promotes H2O
reabsorption in the kidneys ,
leading to H2O conservation
28. Neuromuscular system adaptations
occur with CHRONIC EX
Extent of adaptations depends on
the type of training program:-
e.g. Aerobic training
e.g. Resistance training
28
30. RESISTANCE TRAINING & GAINS
IN MUSCULAR FITNESS
It is based on basic principle of
resistance training i.e. “ PRINCIPLE
OF PROGRESSIVE OVERLOAD”
30
32. MUSCULAR CONTROL
Cause – effect relationship
NEURAL CONTROL
Synchronization & recruitment of
additional motor units
Autogenic inhibition
Other neural factors
32
33. TRANSIENT HYPERTROPHY
It is the pumping of the muscles
during single bout of ex
Mainly d/t fluid accumulation in
interstitial & intracellular spaces of
ms.
Lasts for short periods (few hrs after
ex)
33
34. CHRONIC HYPERTROPHY
It is d/t longterm resistance training
Reflects actual structural changes in
ms.
Can be d/t foll. reasons :-
Fiber hyperplasia(↑ in no. of ms.
fibers)
34
36. CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
36
1.
• During ex “in heat” , there is
increase in demand of blood flow
to the active muscles & skin
2.
• Ex also ↑ metabolic heat
production
3.
• This excess heat can be
dissipated only if blood flow ↑ to
skin
37. 37
4.
• But ↑d demand of active muscles
impairs heat transfer to skin
5.
• On other hand thermoregulatory
center ↑ses blood flow to skin
6.
• D/t this superficial blood vessels
dilate to ↑ blood flow to skin
38. ENERGY PRODUCTION
38
1.
• Ex in heat ↑ses O2 uptake
2.
• Working muscles use more
glycogen & produce more lactate
3.
• Causes fatigue & exhaustion
39. Skeletal system adaptation
Endocrine system adaptation
Aldosterone & renin-angiotensin mechanism
Neuromuscular adaptations
Thermoregulation
39
40. 1. WRITE ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADAPTATIONS? 5MARKS
2. WRITE ABOUT SKELETAL SYSTEM
ADAPTATIONS? 3MARKS
3. NOTE ON THERMOREGULATIONS. 5MARKS
40